The full scale of human miRNome in specific cell or tissue, especially in cancers, remains to be determined. An in-depth analysis of miRNomes in human normal liver, hepatitis liver, and ...hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was carried out in this study. We found nine miRNAs accounted for ∼88.2% of the miRNome in human liver. The third most highly expressed miR-199a/b-3p is consistently decreased in HCC, and its decrement significantly correlates with poor survival of HCC patients. Moreover, miR-199a/b-3p can target tumor-promoting PAK4 to suppress HCC growth through inhibiting PAK4/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Our study provides miRNomes of human liver and HCC and contributes to better understanding of the important deregulated miRNAs in HCC and liver diseases.
► Identification of miRNomes in human normal liver, hepatitis liver and HCC ► miR-199a/b-3p is the most consistently decreased miRNA in HCC ► Low miR-199-3p expression correlates with poor survival of HCC patients ► miR-199-3p inhibits PAK4/Raf/MEK/ERK prosurvival pathway in HCC
Since the normalization of China-U.S. relations in 1979, there have been various disputes and friction between both countries. But their common interests far outweigh their differences and win-win ...cooperation has been the defining feature of the bilateral relationship. Over the past four decades, both countries have benefited enormously from their stable and healthy interactions, which contribute to peace, stability and prosperity of the world. However, the Trump administration has deliberated major shifts to the U.S.’ China policy, labeling China as a “revisionist power” and “strategic rival” while setting many barriers to trade, economic, technological, educational and cultural exchange and cooperation. Despite the ongoing transformation of the strategic relationship between both countries, China and the United States are unlikely to enter into a “de-coupling” or a new Cold War. Faced by growing strategic uncertainties, it is still possible for both countries to maintain a generally stable relationship based on their vast common interests. For China, it is important to exercise utmost strategic patience and stamina to ease friction and manage competition with the United States while also promoting the positive aspects of their bilateral relations.
This article identifies the hallmarks of the relationship between China and the United States, examines the factors that have contributed to the evolution of the relationship in bilateral, regional, ...and world settings, and assesses the viability of the relationship in light of mutual misgivings that revolve around but are not limited to the issue of Taiwan.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Currently, a debate about the country＇s China policy is underway in the United States, which is the biggest and the most significant debate since 1989. The debate is mainly between the United ...States＇China experts, scholars of international politics and foreign affairs experts, and includes many former government officials. The massive number of reports, dissertations and journals on the topic of whether the China policy of each US government has been a failure since Richard Nixon＇s visit to China in 1972 has been described as a ＂tsunami＂ by some scholars.
In our in-depth analysis carried out by the Illumina Solexa massive parallel signature sequencing, microRNA-99a (miR-99a) was found to be the sixth abundant microRNA in the miRNome of normal human ...liver but was markedly down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Compelling evidence has suggested the important roles of microRNAs in HCC development. However, the biological function of miR-99a deregulation in HCC remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-99a was remarkably decreased in HCC tissues and cell lines. Importantly, lower miR-99a expression in HCC tissues significantly correlated with shorter survival of HCC patients, and miR-99a was identified to be an independent predictor for the prognosis of HCC patients. Furthermore, restoration of miR-99a dramatically suppressed HCC cell growth in vitro by inducing the G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Intratumoral injection of cholesterol-conjugated miR-99a mimics significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the α-fetoprotein level in HCC-bearing nude mice. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were further characterized as the direct targets of miR-99a. Furthermore, protein levels of IGF-1R and mTOR were found to be inversely correlated with miR-99a expression in HCC tissues. miR-99a mimics inhibited IGF-1R and mTOR pathways and subsequently suppressed expression of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin D1 in HCC cells. Conclusively, miR-99a expression was frequently down-regulated in HCC tissues and correlates with the prognosis of HCC patients, thus proposing miR-99a as a prospective prognosis predictor of HCC. miR-99a suppresses HCC growth by inducing cell cycle arrest, suggesting miR-99a as potential tumor suppressor for HCC therapeutics.
Background: microRNA-99a markedly decreases in HCC.
Results: microRNA-99a expression correlates with HCC patients' survival, and microRNA-99a restoration suppresses HCC growth in vitro and in vivo by targeting IGF-1R and mTOR.
Conclusions: microRNA-99a could be prognosis predictor and tumor suppressor for HCC.
Significance: Reveal the important role of microRNA-99a in HCC development and provide prognosis predictor and therapeutic approach for HCC.
The China-US relationship is one of the most important bilateral relationships in the world, and it is progressively maturing. Non-traditional security threats are expanding the shared interests of ...China and the US. The two countries have developed more realistic views of each other than they had decades ago, and this is making military relations more practical. The two are also interdependent in the economic realm, whether they like it or not, and therefore must work together to succeed in handling the current economic crisis. Connected to this economic challenge is that of climate change, an issue which the US must handle wisely in its relations with China. In addition, traditional security and peace issues will remain important, some even sensitive and difficult, in relations in the near future. The improved relationship towards which China and the US are moving will contribute substantially not only to bilateral relations but also to global peace and order.
Different views exist in the Chinese and foreign academic circles regarding the foreign policy that Obama is likely to pursue. Some scholars emphasize the continuity of American diplomacy, saying ...that the room for policy readjustment is limited, while others stress the transformative nature of American diplomacy, thinking that Bushism has failed and Obama will certainly abandon Bushism in some important policy areas and make a fresh start.
Over the past 30 years, China-U.S. relations have overcame lots of obstacles and moved forward. One fundamental reason is that there exist broad common interests between the two countries. The ...national interests are both subjective and objective in nature. It is up to policy-makers to make objective judgment and identification. The 30 years＇ Sino-American relations have been the history in which the two countries have been constantly reaffirming their common interests. When both countries decided that bilateral relations were in conformity with their respective interests, the relationship would improve and move forward.
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