In order to support fast communication of multimedia contents, the encoding complexity of the state of the art encoder i.e. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is reduced by proposing a fast intra ...mode selection process in this paper. The complexity is reduced by proposing a unique and novel model that incorporates the concept of Guided Filter (GF). In this article, the output of GF is used as weights for the intra modes; The GF is used in the same way as any other filter that takes into account some pixels and return a single value (e.g. average). Secondly, the ‘guidance’ parameter of GF is obtained using spatial/ temporal information about the block in order to efficiently handle the current problem. Thirdly, statistical evidences are presented to prove the feasibility of GF for early mode decision. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GF based model speeded up the HEVC by 30.50%, while Bjontegaard Delta Bit Rate (BD-BR) is only 1.21%. Moreover, the encoding time is improved by 2.28% while saving 1.68% BD-BR when compared with the cutting edge work in the intra field.
In order to support fast distribution of multimedia contents on social media and internet, a fast intra mode decision strategy is proposed in this article to reduce the encoding time of multimedia ...contents by removing the brute force intra mode selection procedure of HEVC. This article, firstly, improves the performance of the rough-mode-decision (RMD) component of HEVC by constructing the candidate intra mode list by employing a new measure that is fusion of the Hadamard-cost and the statistical-inference formed using spatial/ temporal information. Later, an optimal stopping point prediction model is constructed that outperforms the existing optimal stopping models proposed for HEVC by giving promising balance between the increase in bit-rate and the decrease in complexity. Finally, an early intra mode termination is predicted using the proposed optimal stopping model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model has a wide application and provides early termination for a generic class of decision problems.
Fast intra mode decision strategy is proposed to overcome the brute force mode decision for the coding unit (CU) in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). In this work, firstly, the intra mode in HEVC ...is studied and various facts are present in the form of statistical evidence that will be of great importance for the future of intra mode. Secondly, a novel rate distortion (RD) cost prediction model is developed for early termination that is based on the RD cost variation in the neighboring CUs with-respect-to their co-located CUs. Finally, an early termination of intra mode decision process is predicted using this predicted RD cost. Experimental results demonstrate that the predicted RD cost has a high correlation (
R
2
) of 96% with the original RD cost, and it is the highest accuracy achieved as compared to the existing state-of-the-art RD cost prediction methods. The proposed work saves 21% to 31% of total encoding time of the codec with Bjøntegaard delta bit rate (BDBR) of 1.0% to 2.1% on average, respectively.
Delays and conflicts (D&Cs) are adversely affecting the performance of construction projects. They have separately been addressed by many authors but the mutual relationship among them is still a key ...grey area. Therefore, this study aims to explore this hidden relationship. Literature was reviewed to identify the previous ranking of D&Cs causes to develop a global ranking and to explore other hidden aspects of mutual relationships. Data were classified through Jenks optimization that resulted in the identification of, the top five causes of D&Cs in a global perspective and commonality among them. Among the top five identified global causes of D&Cs, the common causes are; (1) financial problems on behalf of the owner, (2) Change orders/ Variations, and (3) Lack of communication/ Poor relationship. Such exploration of hidden relationships among D&Cs will not only improve construction management strategies but will also define new pathways for future research to secure project success parameters.
In this paper, Benford’s law (BF) is analyzed and its feasibility is presented to solve the complexity issue of high-efficiency video coding (HEVC). Secondly, the intra modes selected for the current ...block are modeled using BF’s curve to identify the most important intra modes. Finally, the intra mode computation process is terminated when the probability of these intra modes does not follow BF’s curve. This termination results in an early mode decision algorithm that reduces the complexity of HEVC. Experimental results on HEVC’s dataset show that the proposed algorithm reduces the complexity of the HEVC by 32.77% and the increase in BD-BR (Bjontegaard delta bit rate) is only 1.62%.
The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) efficiently reduces the size of the multimedia contents, but at the cost of high computation complexity. In order to make it work for the real time ...applications, a study is conducted in this article to speed up the intra mode decision of HEVC. Firstly, a novel early termination mechanism is proposed that is based on the duration problem. This model is designed such that it requires the least amount of computation and dynamically adjusts to the current best option. Secondly, a dynamic threshold is proposed that outperformed majority of the thresholds in-terms of computation and adjustment with-respect-to the current best option. Experimental results proved that when the proposed methods are incorporated in HEVC, they reduced the encoding time by 34.1% on average, with a minor bit-rate (BD-BR) increase of 1.4% on average.
According to the most recent estimates from global cancer statistics for 2020, liver cancer is the ninth most common cancer in women. Segmenting the liver is difficult, and segmenting the tumor from ...the liver adds some difficulty. After a sample of liver tissue is taken, imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), and ultrasound (US), are used to segment the liver and liver tumor. Due to overlapping intensity and variability in the position and shape of soft tissues, segmentation of the liver and tumor from computed abdominal tomography images based on shade gray or shapes is undesirable. This study proposed a more efficient method for segmenting liver and tumors from CT image volumes using a hybrid ResUNet model, combining the ResNet and UNet models to address this gap. The two overlapping models were primarily used in this study to segment the liver and for region of interest (ROI) assessment. Segmentation of the liver is done to examine the liver with an abdominal CT image volume. The proposed model is based on CT volume slices of patients with liver tumors and evaluated on the public 3D dataset IRCADB01. Based on the experimental analysis, the true value accuracy for liver segmentation was found to be approximately 99.55%, 97.85%, and 98.16%. The authentication rate of the dice coefficient also increased, indicating that the experiment went well and that the model is ready to use for the detection of liver tumors.
The brute-force behaviour of High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the biggest hurdle in the communication of the multimedia contents. Therefore, a novel method will be presented here to expedite ...the intra mode decision process of HEVC. In the first step, the feasibility of the odds-algorithm for the early intra mode decision is presented by using statistical evidence. Then, various elements of odds algorithm are analyzed and then mapped to the intra mode process (elements) of HEVC. Finally, the probability required by the odds algorithm is obtained by utilizing the correlation between the current and the neighboring blocks. The proposed algorithm accelerated the encoding process of the HEVC by 25% to 35%, while the Bjontegaard Delta Bit Rate (BD-BR) is 0.95% to 1.84%.
Comprehension algorithms like High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) facilitates fast and efficient handling of multimedia contents. Such algorithms involve various computation modules that help to ...reduce the size of content but preserve the same subjective viewing quality. However, the brute-force behavior of HEVC is the biggest hurdle in the communication of multimedia content. Therefore, a novel method will be presented here to accelerate the encoding process of HEVC by making early intra mode decisions for the block. Normally, the HEVC applies 35 intra modes to every block of the frame and selects the best among them based on the RD-cost (rate-distortion). Firstly, the proposed work utilizes neighboring blocks to extract available information for the current block. Then this information is converted to the probability that tells which intra mode might be best in the current situation. The proposed model has a strong foundation as it is based on the probability rule-2 which says that the sum of probabilities of all outcomes should be 1. Moreover, it is also based on optimal stopping theory (OST). Therefore, the proposed model performs better than many existing OST and classical secretary-based models. The proposed algorithms expedited the encoding process by 30.22% of the HEVC with 1.35% Bjontegaard Delta Bit Rate (BD-BR).
High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) applies 35 intra modes to every block of a frame and selects the mode that gives the best prediction. This brute-force nature of HEVC makes it complex and unfit ...for real-time applications. Therefore, a fast intra-mode estimation algorithm is presented here based on the classic World War II (WW2) technique known as the ‘German Tanks Problem’ (GTP). This not only is the first article to use GTP for early estimation of intra mode, but also expedites the estimation process of GTP. Secondly, the various elements of the intra process are efficiently mapped to the elements of GTP estimation. Finally, the two variations of GPT are modeled and are also minimum-variance estimates. These experimental results indicate that proposed GTP-based fast estimation reduced the compression time of HEVC from 23.88% to 31.44%.
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