Background/Aim: Maternal hemodynamic responses (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were compared during two types of moderate-intensity physical exercise.
Methods: A randomized ...clinical trial compared 120 pregnant women performing physical exercise on a treadmill (n=64) or stationary bicycle (n=56). In 44 of these women (n=23 treadmill; n=21 bicycle), blood pressure was monitored for 24 hours following exercise. Repeated-measures analysis compared maternal heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure before, during and in the 24 hours following exercise in both groups.
Results: Maternal heart rate increased significantly (p<0.001) with both types of exercise (from 84 at rest to 112 bpm on the treadmill and from 87 at rest to 107 bpm on the bicycle), without exceeding the limit of 140 bpm. Systolic pressure increased from 110 at rest to 118 mmHg on the bicycle (p=0.06) and from 112 at rest to 120 mmHg on the treadmill (p=0.02). Systolic pressure dropped steadily following exercise, reaching its lowest level (104 mmHg) after 14 hours, increasing thereafter and returning to pre-exercise levels by the 19th hour. Diastolic pressure increased during exercise irrespective of the type of exercise (p=0.27), from 70 at rest to 75 mmHg on the bicycle (p=0.39) and from 70 at rest to 76 mmHg on the treadmill (p=0.18), with the lowest level (59 mmHg) being at the 13th hour.
Conclusions: A slight increase in blood pressure levels was found during exercise; however, this was not clinically significant and was followed by a substantial hypotensive effect that lasted around 19 hours.
Register: Clinical Trials NCT01383889.
INTRODUCTION:Excessive weight gain during pregnancy has an effect on the health of newborns.
OBJECTIVE:To determine the association between maternal anthropometric measures and subcutaneous and ...visceral adiposity in the newborn.
METHODS:A cross-sectional study involving 116 pairs of mothers and newborns was performed. The dependent variable was abdominal adiposity at birth and independent variables were prepregnancy body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)), BMI in late pregnancy, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and subscapular skinfold. Visceral fat was measured by ultrasonography. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed, considering the significance level of 5%.
RESULTS:Approximately 49% of women had normal prepregnancy weight. In late pregnancy, 78.2% were overweight. Mean subcutaneous adiposity for neonates small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age, and large for gestational age (LGA) was 0.26±0.06 cm, 0.29±0.09 cm, and 0.30 cm±0.07 cm, respectively (P=.32) and mean visceral adiposity for SGA, appropriate for gestational age, and LGA was 2.50±0.94 cm, 3.05±1.38 cm, and 2.28±0.49 cm, respectively (P=.03). There was a positive association between subcutaneous fat of the newborn and maternal waist circumference (r=0.005, P=.002) and triceps skinfold (r=0.04, P=.00). These variables also were associated with visceral fat (r=0.036, P=.006) and triceps skinfold (r=0.04, P=.00).
CONCLUSION:The increase in waist circumference and triceps skinfold during pregnancy directly influences the accumulation of fat in the newborn.
INTRODUCTION:Because of the overweight epidemy, we would like to verify if maternal factors are associated with visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in newborns and check if the relationship between ...these factors could be proved.
METHODS:A cross-sectional study with 116 pairs of mothers and newborns was performed between November 2009 and November 2010 at the Instituto de Saúde Elpídio de Almeida. Abdominal adiposity at birth was the dependent variable. The following independent variables were assessedmaternal age, income, schooling, number of prenatal visits, parity, body mass index before and after pregnancy, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-estimated insulin resistance, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. A multiple linear regression model was constructed to identify the main factors associated with abdominal adiposity. A significant level of 5% was adopted.
RESULTS:Multiple linear regression analysis showed that newborn subcutaneous fat was positively associated with maternal waist circumference (r=0.005, P=.002) and negatively associated with the number of prenatal visits (r=−0.012, P=.001). Newborn visceral fat was associated with maternal waist circumference (r=0.036, P=.006) and negatively associated with maternal schooling (r=−0.071, P=.03) and the number of prenatal visits (r=−0.166, P=.002).
CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that maternal factors such as waist circumference, number of prenatal visits, and schooling may influence abdominal fat deposition during fetal life.
INTRODUCTION:Increased visceral adipose tissue is strongly correlated with lipid profile and insulin resistance in adults and children. However, this correlation has not been assessed in newborns. ...The objective of this study was to verify the correlation between visceral adipose tissue and lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis of resistance in newborns.
METHODS:One hundred sixteen health newborns were recruited from Campina Grande, Brazil. Visceral fat was evaluated by ultrasonography. Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin were measured from venous blood. homeostasis of resistance was also calculated. Pearsonʼs correlation coefficient was performed to determine the relationship between visceral adipose tissue and lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis of resistance.
RESULTS:There was a significant association between visceral adipose tissue and insulin (r=0.30, P=.03) and homeostasis of resistance (r=1.61, P=.01). After multiple linear regression, only homeostasis of resistance remained associated with greater abdominal fat (r=1.61, P=.01).
CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that increased visceral adipose tissue may be associated with insulin resistance in newborns. This positive correlation in neonatal period may contribute to early metabolic consequences in these children.
Objectives: to describe and compare the mean values of the body composition and the peak expiratory flow (PEF) in primigravidae and multigravidae and, to determine its correlation with obstetric, ...anthropometric and body composition variables.
Method: it was performed a cross-sectional study of 120 healthy pregnant women at low risk, including 77 primigravidae and 43 multigravidae. The PEF was measured by spirometry and the body composition by multisegmental electrical impedance. The unpaired t test was used to compare the groups and the Pearson correlation test was used to determine the association between PEF and independent variables. A multiple linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between the dependent variable, the PEF and the independent variables.
Results: the body composition variables in multigravidae women showed higher values compared to the primigravidae, being statistically significant, except for fat mass. In primigravidae, the PEF was correlated significantly with maternal age and height. In multigravidae, the PEF was correlated with maternal age, height, pre-pregnancy and current weight, total body water, extracellular water, fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass. A Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, in primigravidae, height and maternal age were associated with PEF, being responsible for explaining 14.5% of its variability. The current weight and the maternal age explained 42.3% of peak flow variability in multigravidae.
Conclusion: The PEF seemed to be influenced by the number of pregnancies. Changes were observed in relation to the body composition, as it was evidenced in correlation with the PEF in multigravidae women.
Keywords: Pregnancy. Spirometry. Weight gain.
Objective: This study aims to compare maternal and fetal responses during two physical exercise types.
Design: A randomized clinical trial compared 120 pregnant women, gestational age of 35-37 ...weeks, 56 exercising on a stationary bicycle (Group A) and 64 on a treadmill (Group B).
Methods: Participants were monitored for three 20-minute phases: resting, exercise and recovery. Fetal heart rate (FHR) and maternal heart rate (MHR) were monitored. Glucose and lactate levels were evaluated at rest and during exercise.
Results: After the beginning of exercise, maximum lactate (L) levels were reached at 20 minutes and never exceeded 4 mmol/l. FHR decreased by 22 bpm during exercise in relation to resting values, irrespective of the exercise type (p<0.001). Comparing the exercise types, the incidence of bradycardia after 10’ was 23.2% in Group A and 35.9% in Group B (p>0.05), increasing at 20’ to 32% and 40.6%, respectively, (p>0.05). The FHR decrease during exercise was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in its variability (p<0.001), nevertheless a rapid return to resting values was observed shortly after exercise end. Glucose decreased in both groups irrespective of the exercise type (85 mg/dl at rest; 79 mg/dl during exercise and 81 mg/dl during recovery; p<0.001). There were no hypoglycemia cases.
Conclusions: FHR variability increase and the rapid return to resting values after exercise suggests that the FHR fall and the presence of bradycardia during exercise is the fetal physiologic response to blood flow redistribution, with maintenance of fetal well-being.
Key-words: Exercise; fetal heart rate; glucose; maternal heart rate; pregnancy
Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01383889.
INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade física realizada durante a gestação vem sendo discutida devido aos seus efeitos benéficos tanto para a saúde materna como para o crescimento fetal e desfechos gestacionais, ...porém ainda são escassos estudos sobre o padrão de atividade física neste período. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o padrão de atividade física entre gestantes atendidas pela estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) do município de Campina Grande/PB. MÉTODOS:Foi acompanhada uma coorte observacional de gestantes (n=118), a partir da 16ª semana gestacional, durante os anos de 2005 a 2006. A cada quatro semanas eram aferidas as condições clínicas, socioeconômicas e obstétricas, incluindo a aplicação de um questionário específico sobre atividade física na 16ª, 24ª e 32ª semanas gestacionais. A avaliação foi feita a partir da somatória do equivalente metabólico (METs) e as atividades cotidianas foram divididas em quatro grupos: atividades laboral, doméstica e caminhada, além de inatividade. As gestantes foram classificadas de acordo com o padrão de atividade física realizado em: sedentárias, praticantes de atividades física leve, moderada e vigorosa. Os dados foram analisados no programa Epi Info 3.4.1. RESULTADOS: As características socioeconômicas da coorte estudada indicaram majoritariamente gestantes de baixo poder aquisitivo, baixa escolaridade e baixo percentual de mulheres economicamente ativas. O padrão de atividade física observado foi baixo desde o primeiro trimestre gestacional, oscilando entre o leve e o sedentário, e foi diminuindo com o evoluir da gravidez, com 100% das gestantes alcançando o padrão sedentário na 32ª semana. Em relação aos grupos de atividades, observou-se um predomínio de atividades domésticas, seguidas pelas atividades de lazer. CONCLUSÃO:Na coorte estudada verificou-se um padrão de atividade física inadequado desde o início da gestação, agravando-se no terceiro trimestre gestacional.
Childhood obesity is considered a serious health public problem with high rates in the world, by nutrition influence. The following study purposes are to evaluate nutritional profile of the children ...with excess body weight treated in the basic family health centre, in Campina Grande, Paraiba. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in a quantitative approach with 20 children with excess body weight. A semi-structured questionnaire has been used as an instrument of data collection, accomplished from April to May 2010. Data has been analyzed by the Epi Info 3.3.2 software among a sample of 50 percent male and 50 percent female. Concerning feeding habits, 65 percent of the children had eaten about 1-3 meals a day, moreover, 15-50 percent has not consumed fruit and vegetables, respectively. Thus, foods such as: meat ingestion, poultry, fish, milk derivates and beans has been mentioned as a daily habit for more than 50 percent of the children. Regarding lifestyle, 90 percent had not practiced any type of physical training, indeed only 35 percent performed leisure training which involved energy effort. Results demonstrate that poor dietary habits and childrens inactivity triggers the necessity to create strategic plans developed to encourage and support healthy feeding habits and physical activity adherence in order to prevent future complications.
Childhood obesity is considered a serious health public problem with high rates in the world, by nutrition influence. The following study purposes are to evaluate nutritional profile of the children ...with excess body weight treated in the basic family health centre, in Campina Grande, Paraiba. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in a quantitative approach with 20 children with excess body weight. A semi-structured questionnaire has been used as an instrument of data collection, accomplished from April to May 2010. Data has been analyzed by the Epi Info 3.3.2 software among a sample of 50 percent male and 50 percent female. Concerning feeding habits, 65 percent of the children had eaten about 1-3 meals a day, moreover, 15-50 percent has not consumed fruit and vegetables, respectively. Thus, foods such as: meat ingestion, poultry, fish, milk derivates and beans has been mentioned as a daily habit for more than 50 percent of the children. Regarding lifestyle, 90 percent had not practiced any type of physical training, indeed only 35 percent performed leisure training which involved energy effort. Results demonstrate that poor dietary habits and childrens inactivity triggers the necessity to create strategic plans developed to encourage and support healthy feeding habits and physical activity adherence in order to prevent future complications. KEYWORDS: Obesity; feed habits; lifestyle. A obesidade infantil e um importante problema de saude publica que vem alcancando indices alarmantes em todo o mundo, tendo a nutricao relevante influencia neste contexto. O presente estudo se propos a avaliar o perfil alimentar das criancas com excesso de peso atendidas nas Unidades Basicas de Saude da Familia, em Campina Grande-PB. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 20 criancas acima do peso. Foi utilizado, como instrumento de coleta de dados, um questionario semi-estruturado. A coleta de dados foi realizada no periodo de abril a maio do ano de 2010. Os dados foram analisados no programa Epilnfo 3.3.2. Na amostra, detectou-se que 50% eram do sexo masculino e 50% do sexo feminino. Quanto aos habitos alimentares, verificou-se que 65% das criancas realizavam de 1-3 refeicoes, o consumo de frutas e verduras nao era realizado por 15% e 50%, respectivamente, a ingestao de alimentos como carnes, aves e peixes, produtos lacteos e feijao foi mencionada como um habito diario por mais de 50% das criancas. No que se refere aos habitos de vida, 90% nao praticavam atividade fisica e apenas 35% realizavam atividade de lazer que envolvia gasto energetico. Com base nos resultados, presume-se que os habitos alimentares inadequados e a inatividade dessas criancas levam a necessidade da elaboracao de planos estrategicos para a adicao de acoes de incentivo e respaldo a adesao de habitos alimentares saudaveis e a pratica de atividade fisica, prevenindo complicacoes futuras. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Obesidade; habitos alimentares; habitos de vida.