Background Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by tissue eosinophilia and mast cell activation, including abundant production of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2 ). Group 2 innate ...lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which promote tissue eosinophilia and mast cell responses, undergo chemotaxis and cytokine production in response to PGD2 , but it is unknown whether ILC2s are active in patients with AERD. Objective We sought to determine whether ILC2 numbers change in peripheral blood and the nasal mucosa during COX-1 inhibitor–induced reactions in patients with AERD. Methods Blood and nasal scrapings were collected at baseline, during reactions, and after completion of ketorolac/aspirin challenge/desensitization in 12 patients with AERD. ILC2s and eosinophils were quantitated by means of flow cytometry. Urine was also collected, and quantification of PGD2 metabolite and leukotriene E4 levels was done by using ELISA. Baseline and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug reaction clinical data were correlated with cell changes. Results ILC2 numbers significantly increased in nasal mucosal samples and decreased in blood at the time of COX-1 inhibitor reactions in 12 patients with AERD. These changes were not observed in 2 patients without AERD. Furthermore, eosinophil numbers decreased in blood concurrently with significant increases in urinary PGD2 metabolite and leukotriene E4 levels. The magnitude of increases in nasal mucosal ILC2 numbers positively correlated with maximum symptom scores during challenges. Furthermore, blood ILC2 numbers during the reaction correlated with time for the reaction to resolve, possibly reflecting reaction severity. Conclusions ILC2s are recruited to the nasal mucosa during COX-1 inhibitor–induced reactions in patients with AERD, correlating with enhanced production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
For >30 years, positron emission tomography (PET) has proven to be a powerful approach for measuring aspects of dopaminergic transmission in the living human brain; this technique has revealed ...important relationships between dopamine D2-like receptors and dimensions of normal behavior, such as human impulsivity, and psychopathology, particularly behavioral addictions. Nevertheless, PET is an indirect estimate that lacks cellular and functional resolution and, in some cases, is not entirely pharmacologically specific. To identify the relationships between PET estimates of D2-like receptor availability and direct in vitro measures of receptor number, affinity, and function, we conducted neuroimaging and behavioral and molecular pharmacological assessments in a group of adult male vervet monkeys. Data gathered from these studies indicate that variation in D2-like receptor PET measurements is related to reversal-learning performance and sensitivity to positive feedback and is associated with in vitro estimates of the density of functional dopamine D2-like receptors. Furthermore, we report that a simple behavioral measure, eyeblink rate, reveals novel and crucial links between neuroimaging assessments and in vitro measures of dopamine D2 receptors.
We determined baseline oral and cervicogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and determinants of infection in the Michigan HPV and Oropharyngeal Cancer (MHOC) study. We enrolled 394 ...college-age and older participants of both sexes in Ann Arbor, Michigan and the surrounding area. All participants provided an oral sample at baseline, and 130 females provided a cervicogenital sample. Samples were tested for 18 HPV genotypes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) MassArray. Participants filled out sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaires. Prevalence ratios for HPV oral or cervicogenital prevalence by predictor variables were estimated in univariable log-binomial models. Analysis was conducted 2018-20. In the full cohort, baseline oral HPV prevalence was 10.0% for any detected genotype (among the 338 valid oral tests at baseline) and 6.5% for high-risk types, and cervicogenital prevalence was 20.0% and 10.8%, respectively (among the 130 first valid cervicogenital tests). Oral HPV prevalence did not vary by sex, with 10.5% of women and 9.0% of men having an infection. We found a high prevalence of oral and cervicogenital HPV infection in college-age participants reporting no lifetime sexual partners. Reporting a single recent partner was associated with a lower oral HPV prevalence (PR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.96) than reporting no recent (but at least one ever) partner. No similar protective effect was seen for cervicogenital HPV. Both oral and cervicogenital prevalence increased with the number of recent partners for most sexual behaviors. We observed an ecological fallacy masking the direction of impact of vaccination on HPV prevalence in the full cohort compared to the college-aged and the age 23+ populations considered separately. Substance use was not significantly associated with oral or cervicogenital HPV infection. Many studies report substantially higher oral HPV infection prevalence in men than in women. That difference may not be uniform across populations in the US.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Highly selective hydrogenation of benzoic acid to benzyl alcohol over Pt/SnO2.•Aromatic ring hydrogenation hindered by alloy phases/migration of SnOx onto Pt.•Acid carbonyl group ...activated by oxidised tin species at periphery of Pt particles.•The interaction between Pt and SnO2 depends on temperature of reduction.•DFT modelling: switch in adsorption mode of benzoic acid with support reduction.
Hydrogenation of benzoic acid in the liquid phase over Pt/SnO2 has afforded excellent selectivity to benzyl alcohol under mild reaction conditions (97 % at 98 % conversion of benzoic acid). DFT calculations have shown that the favoured mode of adsorption of benzoic acid switched from the aromatic ring to the acid carbonyl group with partial reduction of the SnO2 support. The switch in adsorption mode corroborates the experimentally observed selectivity with acid carbonyl group adsorption and hydrogenation occurring over Pt/SnO2. Reduction of Pt/SnO2 was observed by in-situ XPS forming a degree of metallic tin and complete reduction of Pt which could lead to Pt-Sn alloy phases and/or migration of SnOx onto Pt blocking sites for ring hydrogenation. No hydrogenation of benzene or the benzene ring of benzoic acid was observed over Pt/SnO2 with oxidic tin species at the interface of Pt particles proposed to activate the acid carbonyl group for hydrogenation.
There is evidence of an association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and criminal justice involvement among military veterans. For this study, we systematically reviewed the literature to ...examine the association between PTSD and criminal justice involvement among military veterans, assess the magnitude of this association, and identify strengths and limitations of the underlying evidence. Five databases were searched for a larger scoping review, and observational studies that assessed PTSD and criminal justice involvement were selected from the scoping review database (N = 191). Meta‐analyses were conducted, pooling odds ratios (ORs) via restricted maximum likelihood random‐effects models. The main outcomes were criminal justice involvement (i.e., documentation of arrest) and PTSD (i.e., PTSD assessment score indicating probable PTSD). Of 143 unique articles identified, 10 studies were eligible for the meta‐analysis. Veterans with PTSD had higher odds of criminal justice involvement (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.16, 2.23, p = .002) and arrest for violent offenses (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.15, 2.19, p = .002) compared to veterans without PTSD. The odds ratio of criminal justice involvement among military veterans with PTSD assessed using the PTSD Checklist was 1.98, 95% CI 1.08, 3.63, p = .014. Considerable heterogeneity was identified, but no evidence of publication bias was found. Criminal justice involvement and PTSD are linked among military veterans, highlighting an important need for clinicians and healthcare systems working with this population to prioritize PTSD treatment to reduce veterans’ new and recurring risk of criminal justice involvement.
In his 2015 Research Through Design provocation, Tim Ingold invites his audience to think with string, lines, and meshworks. In this article I use Ingold's concepts to explore an orientation to ...design—one that threads through both Ingold's ideas and Vinciane Despret's vivid and moving accounts of human-animal relations. This is a “thinking and doing”
that seeks to be expansive to the capacities of humans and non-humans in relation to one another.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is associated with high levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes, prostaglandin D
, and low levels of prostaglandin E
. Further, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ...(15-HETE) levels may have predictive value in therapeutic outcomes of aspirin desensitization. Accumulation of nasal group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) has been demonstrated during COX-1 inhibition in AERD, although the relationships between tissue ILC2 accumulation, reaction symptom severity, and novel lipid biomarkers are unknown.
We sought to determine whether novel lipid mediators are predictive of nasal ILC2 accumulation and symptom scores during COX-1 inhibitor challenge in patients with AERD.
Blood and nasal scraping samples from patients with AERD were collected at baseline and COX-1 inhibitor reaction and then processed for flow cytometry for nasal ILC2s and serum for lipidomic analysis.
Eight patients with AERD who were undergoing aspirin desensitization were recruited. Of the 161 eicosanoids tested, 42 serum mediators were detected. Baseline levels of 15-HETE were negatively correlated with the change in numbers of airway ILC2s (r = -0.6667; P = .0428). Docosahexaenoic acid epoxygenase metabolite 19,20-dihydroxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-diHDPA) was positively correlated with both changes in airway ILC2s (r = 0.7143; P = .0305) and clinical symptom scores (r = 0.5000; P = .0081).
Low levels of baseline 15-HETE predicted a greater accumulation of airway ILC2s in patients with AERD who were receiving COX-1 inhibition. Further, increases in the cytochrome P pathway metabolite 19,20-dihydroxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-diHDPA) were associated with increased symptoms and nasal ILC2 accumulation. Future studies to assess how these mediators might control ILC2s may improve the understanding of AERD pathogenesis.
Thought disorder is a pernicious and nonspecific aspect of numerous serious mental illnesses (SMIs) and related conditions. Despite decades of empirical research on thought disorder, our present ...understanding of it is poor, our clinical assessments focus on a limited set of extreme behaviors, and treatments are palliative at best. Applying a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to thought disorder research offers advantages to explicate its phenotype; isolate its mechanisms; and develop more effective assessments, treatments, and potential cures. In this commentary, we discuss ways in which thought disorder can be understood within the RDoC framework. We propose operationalizing thought disorder within the RDoC construct of language using psycholinguistic sciences, to help objectify and quantify language within individuals; technologically sophisticated paradigms, to allow naturalistic behavioral sampling techniques with unprecedented ecological validity; and computational modeling, to account for a network of interconnected and dynamic linguistic, cognitive, affective, and social functions. We also highlight challenges for understanding thought disorder within an RDoC framework. Thought disorder likely does not occur as an isomorphic dysfunction in a single RDoC construct, but rather, as multiple potential dysfunctions in a network of RDoC constructs. Moreover, thought disorder is dynamic over time and context within individuals. In sum, RDoC is a useful framework to integrate multidisciplinary research efforts aimed at operationalizing, understanding, and ameliorating thought disorder.
Experiencing the Affective Diary Ståhl, Anna; Höök, Kristina; Svensson, Martin ...
Personal and ubiquitous computing,
06/2009, Letnik:
13, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A diary is generally considered to be a book in which one keeps a regular record of events and experiences that have some personal significance. As such, it provides a useful means to privately ...express inner thoughts or to reflect on daily experiences, helping in either case to put them in perspective. Taking conventional diary keeping as our starting point, we have designed and built a digital diary, named Affective Diary, with which users can scribble their notes, but that also allows for
bodily memorabilia
to be recorded from body sensors and
mobile media
to be collected from users’ mobile phones. A premise that underlies the presented work is one that views our bodily experiences as integral to how we come to interpret and thus make sense of the world. We present our investigations into this design space in three related lines of inquiry: (1) a theoretical grounding for affect and bodily experiences; (2) a user-centred design process, arriving at the Affective Diary system; and (3) an exploratory end-user study of the Affective Diary with 4 users during several weeks of use. Through these three inquiries, our overall aim has been to explore the potential of a system that interleaves the physical and cultural features of our embodied experiences and to further examine what media-specific qualities such a design might incorporate. Concerning the media-specific qualities, the key appears to be to find a suitable balance where a system does not dictate what should be interpreted and, at the same time, lends itself to enabling the user to participate in the interpretive act. In the exploratory end-user study users, for the most part, were able to identify with the body memorabilia and together with the mobile data, it enabled them to remember and reflect on their past. Two of our subjects went even further and found patterns in their own bodily reactions that caused them to learn something about themselves and even attempt to alter their own behaviours.
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