This is the first book to systematically chart and comparatively assess the trend towards private higher education in South East Asia. Caught between conflicting imperatives of spiralling demand, and ...limited resources, the balance between public and private higher education systems in South East, South, and East Asia has shifted markedly.
The author's detailed case studies of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Viet Nam discuss and analyse significant policy issues and touch on key debates surrounding globalisation, including economic globalisation and structural adjustment, and the pressures of cultural globalisation, particularly the role of the English language. Debates surrounding the role of higher education in the 'knowledge economy', GATS and cross border trade in educational services are also treated, including the rise of offshore campuses in countries such as Malaysia and Viet Nam. What is argued is that we are witnessing not merely a changing balance between public and private sectors, but a blurring of borders between them, with public HEIs now often behaving more like private, for-profit institutions. The book charts and illustrates these trends, posing questions about their meaning, including issues of transparency, equity, and what the reforms might mean for traditional conceptions of public good in higher education.
With climate change, climatic optima are shifting poleward more rapidly than tree migration processes, resulting in a mismatch between species distributions and bioclimatic envelopes. Temperate ...hardwood tree species may take advantage of the release of climate constraints and forest management to migrate into the boreal forest. Here, we use the SORTIE‐ND forest simulation model to determine the potential for the persistence of three temperate species (sugar maple, red maple and yellow birch) when introduced at seedling stage in typical balsam fir–paper birch (BF–PB) bioclimatic domain stands of eastern Canada, quantifying the consequences on the native species composition. SORTIE‐ND is a spatially explicit, individual‐based forest stand model that simulates tree growth, regeneration and mortality. We performed a novel parameterization of the SORTIE‐ND tree growth equation allowing for the inclusion of climate modifiers on tree growth. After validating our model with data from permanent forest inventory plots, we modeled the dynamics of unharvested stands at different successional stages, as well as post‐harvest stands, after the addition of sugar maple, red maple and yellow birch seedlings at different densities. Our results show that current BF–PB domain climate conditions do not limit growth and survival of temperate species in boreal stands. Of the temperate species introduced, sugar maple had the lowest ability to grow and survive by the end of the simulation. Species assemblages of host stands were impacted by the presence of temperate species when the addition of seedlings was above 5000 temperate seedlings per hectare at the beginning of the simulation. For stands that were recently clear cut, temperate seedlings were unable to grow due to intense competition from aspen regeneration. Our results suggest that both current climate and competitive interactions between temperate species and boreal species should not impede the ability of temperate species to grow and survive in the BF–PB domain.
Balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is projected to decline in the Acadian Forest Region under climate change. We hypothesized that along a 700 km latitudinal gradient with increasing mean annual ...temperature from New Brunswick to Nova Scotia, Canada, balsam fir regeneration density and growth rates would (1) decline with warming and (2) decline more in immature than in mature stands due to greater exposure to adverse climate conditions. Regeneration density, height growth, and lateral branch growth were measured in 30 mature and 28 immature plots and related to climate and stand variables using generalized additive models. Balsam fir regeneration density was negatively affected by increased mean annual temperature and increased with summer precipitation, supporting our first hypothesis, but varied by height class. Canopy cover significantly affected seedling density, but its effect varied by substrate type (coniferous litter and dry moss litter), with seedling density being greatest under low canopy cover for large seedlings and greatest at intermediate canopy cover for small seedlings. Seedling growth rates were determined by height class, canopy cover, precipitation, and coniferous litter cover. Stand maturity did not significantly affect fir regeneration density or growth rates. Our results indicate that over time, increasing mean annual temperature may reduce balsam fir regeneration density within the Acadian Forest Region, while the marginal summer precipitation increases may lead to small gains in growth.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BF, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Effects of tree diversity and identity on soil C stocks were highly context-dependent.•Soil C decreased with tree diversity in well-drained and moist temperate forests.•Soil C increased with tree ...diversity in ecotone between boreal and temperate forests.•Acquisitive tree communities had higher soil C stocks in warm or well-drained sites.
Soil carbon (C) plays an important role in mediating global climate change and sustaining environmental condition. Although experimental studies primarily from grasslands revealed the positive effects of plant diversity on soil C storage, there is uncertainty about the directions and magnitudes of tree diversity and soil C relationships in natural forests. Using Canada’s National Forest Inventory data from temperate to boreal forests, we examined the relationships between soil C stocks and tree functional diversity and identity, and how these relationships varied along environmental gradients (i.e., biomes, mean annual temperature, climate moisture index, and soil drainage). In contrast to the results from grassland experiments, we found a negative relationship between tree diversity and soil C stocks in temperate forests and a nonsignificant relationship in boreal forests. Moreover, soil C stocks increased with functional diversity in moist and poorly drained sites, but decreased in dry and well-drained sites within the temperate forest biome. Within the boreal biome, soil C stocks increased with functional diversity in warm climates, but decreased in cold climates. Our findings at the macro-ecological scale indicated that the positive effects of plant diversity might be the highest at the boreal-temperate forests' ecotone. In addition, within the temperate biome, tree communities with higher leaf nitrogen, phosphorus content and specific leaf area were associated with greater mineral horizon soil C stocks, especially in warm or well-drained sites. Our finding of the abiotic context-dependent relationships between soil C stocks and tree functional diversity and identity can guide forest management across different environmental conditions.
Defoliation level and site type are thought to influence tree response during spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) outbreaks. We determined the effects of four manual defoliation ...treatments (0%, 50%, 100%, and 100% + bud removal of current foliage) for 3 years on foliage production of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.), and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees on four site-quality classes. After 3 years of defoliation and 2 years of recovery, foliage biomass was reduced by 34%–98%. During defoliation, the number of shoots generally increased and shoot length of spruce generally decreased, especially on rich sites. During recovery, the number of shoots increased substantially, shoot length decreased, and bud destruction reduced the number of shoots by about 50% compared with that of trees that received the 100% defoliation treatment. Defoliation did not substantially affect needle length. Trees on rich sites had two- to fourfold greater foliage production than trees on poor sites. Effects of site and defoliation differed among species, but site quality, especially nutrition, played an important role in production of shoots and needles and the tree’s ability to withstand defoliation. Black spruce had more limited ability to recover foliage biomass, only producing more shoots, whereas balsam fir and white spruce had stronger ability to recover needle and shoot length, respectively.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BF, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Dormant seeds that require long periods of cold stratification to become germinable may be most sensitive to increases in winter temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change. In this study, we ...used outdoor plots with infrared heaters to simulate the effects of projected winter warming (+6 °C) for Canada’s Acadian Forest Region and compared seed germination success of tree species with varying stratification requirements. We evaluated four seedlots each of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton). Three central findings emerged from this study: (i) none of the tested species were significantly affected by warming; (ii) the random effect of seedlot explained more variation in germination success of deciduous species than it did for conifers; and (iii) balsam fir seedlots exhibited considerable differences in their response to warming, implying intraspecific variation in depth of dormancy. These results suggest seed germination success of the tested tree species may not be impeded by their individual seed characteristics under the magnitude of winter warming projected over the coming century in our study area.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BF, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The changing culture of silviculture Achim, Alexis; Moreau, Guillaume; Coops, Nicholas C ...
Forestry,
03/2022, Letnik:
95, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
Changing climates are altering the structural and functional components of forest ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Simultaneously, we are seeing a diversification of public expectations ...on the broader sustainable use of forest resources beyond timber production. As a result, the science and art of silviculture needs to adapt to these changing realities. In this piece, we argue that silviculturists are gradually shifting from the application of empirically derived silvicultural scenarios to new sets of approaches, methods and practices, a process that calls for broadening our conception of silviculture as a scientific discipline. We propose a holistic view of silviculture revolving around three key themes: observe, anticipate and adapt. In observe, we present how recent advances in remote sensing now enable silviculturists to observe forest structural, compositional and functional attributes in near-real-time, which in turn facilitates the deployment of efficient, targeted silvicultural measures in practice that are adapted to rapidly changing constraints. In anticipate, we highlight the importance of developing state-of-the-art models designed to take into account the effects of changing environmental conditions on forest growth and dynamics. In adapt, we discuss the need to provide spatially explicit guidance for the implementation of adaptive silvicultural actions that are efficient, cost-effective and socially acceptable. We conclude by presenting key steps towards the development of new tools and practical knowledge that will ensure meeting societal demands in rapidly changing environmental conditions. We classify these actions into three main categories: re-examining existing silvicultural trials to identify key stand attributes associated with the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple stressors, developing technological workflows and infrastructures to allow for continuous forest inventory updating frameworks, and implementing bold, innovative silvicultural trials in consultation with the relevant communities where a range of adaptive silvicultural strategies are tested. In this holistic perspective, silviculture can be defined as the science of observing forest condition and anticipating its development to apply tending and regeneration treatments adapted to a multiplicity of desired outcomes in rapidly changing realities.
The use of so-called "new" environmental policy instruments such as eco-taxes, tradable permits, voluntary agreements and eco-labels has prompted widespread claims that these devices have replaced ...regulation. These papers offer a fresh perspective on the evolving tool-box of environmental policy.
Altered expression of XPO1, the main nuclear export receptor in eukaryotic cells, has been observed in cancer, and XPO1 has been a focus of anticancer drug development. However, mechanistic evidence ...for cancer-specific alterations in XPO1 function is lacking. Here, genomic analysis of 42,793 cancers identified recurrent and previously unrecognized mutational hotspots in
XPO1 mutations exhibited striking lineage specificity, with enrichment in a variety of B-cell malignancies, and introduction of single amino acid substitutions in XPO1 initiated clonal, B-cell malignancy
. Proteomic characterization identified that mutant XPO1 altered the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of hundreds of proteins in a sequence-specific manner that promoted oncogenesis. XPO1 mutations preferentially sensitized cells to inhibitors of nuclear export, providing a biomarker of response to this family of drugs. These data reveal a new class of oncogenic alteration based on change-of-function mutations in nuclear export signal recognition and identify therapeutic targets based on altered nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. SIGNIFICANCE: Here, we identify that heterozygous mutations in the main nuclear exporter in eukaryotic cells, XPO1, are positively selected in cancer and promote the initiation of clonal B-cell malignancies. XPO1 mutations alter nuclear export signal recognition in a sequence-specific manner and sensitize cells to compounds in clinical development inhibiting XPO1 function.
.
PDF
