Spiritual Change (SC) is one of 5 domains of posttraumatic growth (PTG). The current Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) assesses this area of growth with only 2 items, one focusing on religiosity ...and the other focusing on spiritual understanding. The addition of 4 newly developed spiritual–existential change (SEC) items, creating an expanded PTGI (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory‐X), reflects a diversity of perspectives on spiritual–existential experiences that are represented in different cultures. Samples were obtained from 3 countries: the United States (n = 250), Turkey (n = 502), and Japan (n = 314). Analyses indicated that the newly added items capture additional experiences of growth outside traditional religious concepts, yet still are correlated with the original SC items, especially in the U.S. and Turkish samples. Relationships of the PTGI‐X to established predictors of PTG, event‐related rumination, and core beliefs, were as predicted in all 3 countries. The new 6‐item SEC factor demonstrated high internal reliability, and the 5‐factor structure of the expanded scale was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The resulting 25‐item PTGI‐X can be used as a validated instrument in a wide range of samples in which traditional religious beliefs are less dominant.
Resumen
Spanish s by the Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET)
El cambio espiritual (CE) es uno de los 5 dominios del crecimiento postraumático (CPT). El actual inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (ICP) evalúa esta área del crecimiento con solo 2 ítems, uno que se focaliza en la religiosidad y otro que se enfoca en el entendimiento espiritual. La incorporación de 4 ítems nuevos desarrollados sobre cambio espiritual‐existencial (CES), la creación de un ICPT expandido (Inventario de crecimiento postraumático‐X), refleja una diversidad de perspectivas sobre experiencias espirituales‐existenciales que son representadas en diferentes culturas. Se obtuvieron muestras de 3 países, EEUU (n = 250), Turquía (n = 502), y Japón (n = 314). Los análisis indicaron que los nuevos ítems agregados capturan experiencias adicionales de crecimiento fuera de los conceptos religiosos tradicionales, y aun así están correlacionados con los ítems originales de CE, especialmente en las muestras de EEUU y Turquía. Las relaciones del ICPT ‐X a predictores establecidos de CPT, rumiación relacionada con el evento y creencias centrales, fueron predichas en los 3 países. El nuevo factor CES de 6 ítems demostró una alta confiabilidad interna, y la estructura de 5 factores de la escala expandida fue apoyada por un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Los 25 factores resultantes del ICPT ‐X pueden ser utilizados como un instrumento validado en un amplio rango de muestras en las cuales las creencias religiosas tradicionales son menos dominantes.
摘要
Traditional and Simplified Chinese s by AsianSTSS
標題: 創傷後成長量表༚結合存在與心靈改變的修訂
撮要: 心靈改變(SC)是創傷後成長(PTG)的5個領域之一。目前的創傷後成長量表(PTGI)只利用兩方面評估心靈改變༚宗教信仰程度和靈性上的理解。創傷後成長量表加長版(PTGIX)則包含了新增的4個心靈與存在改變(SEC)項目, 這些新增項目能反映不同文化裡對心靈與存在體驗的多元看法。我們從3個國家取得樣本༚美國 (n = 250)、土耳其 (n = 502)和日本 (n = 314)。分析顯示, 特別在美國和土耳其的樣本裡, 新增項目能包含傳統信仰概念以外的成長體驗, 而這些新增項目仍跟本來的SC項目相關。在3個國家裡, PTGIX跟已確立的PTG預測變量、事件相關的反芻和核心信念的關係也符合預測。這個新的由6個項目組成的SEC因素內在信度為高, 而加長版的量表有5個因素結構, 受驗證性因素分析支持。這個共包含25個項目的PTGI‐X是個受驗證的工具, 能被廣泛用於傳統宗教信仰不如從前般主導的地方。
标题: 创伤后成长量表༚结合存在与心灵改变的修订
撮要: 心灵改变(SC)是创伤后成长(PTG)的5个领域之一。目前的创伤后成长量表(PTGI)只利用两方面评估心灵改变༚宗教信仰程度和灵性上的理解。创伤后成长量表加长版(PTGIX)则包含了新增的4个心灵与存在改变(SEC)项目, 这些新增项目能反映不同文化里对心灵与存在体验的多元看法。我们从3个国家取得样本༚美国 (n = 250)、土耳其 (n = 502)和日本 (n = 314)。分析显示, 特别在美国和土耳其的样本里, 新增项目能包含传统信仰概念以外的成长体验, 而这些新增项目仍跟本来的SC项目相关。在3个国家里, PTGIX跟已确立的PTG预测变量、事件相关的反刍和核心信念的关系也符合预测。这个新的由6个项目组成的SEC因素内在信度为高, 而加长版的量表有5个因素结构, 受验证性因素分析支持。这个共包含25个项目的PTGI‐X是个受验证的工具, 能被广泛用于传统宗教信仰不如从前般主导的地方。
The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program, currently under development for the U.S. Army, will include a component designed to increase the possibilities for posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of ...combat. In this article, we briefly review studies that provide evidence for this phenomenon in combat veterans, and we suggest elements that such a program might include to facilitate posttraumatic growth. We urge the Army to conduct randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of the program prior to its implementation.
Posttraumatic growth is an area in which investigations are now being undertaken in many different parts of the world. The view that individuals can be changed--sometimes in radically good ways--by ...their struggle with trauma is ancient and widespread. However, the systematic focus by scholars and clinicians on the possibilities for growth from the struggle with crisis is relatively recent. There are now a growing number of studies and scholarly papers on the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of posttraumatic growth, and there are also theoretical models that can help guide the research further. It is clear, however, that this phenomenon is not yet well understood.The Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research and Practice provides both clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive and up-to-date view of what has been done so far. In addition, it uses the foundations of what has been done to provide suggestions for the next useful steps to take in understanding posttraumatic growth. The book offers contributions of important and influential scholars representing a wide array of perspectives of posttraumatic growth. This volume serves as an impetus for additional work, both in the academic aspects and in the possibilities for clinical applications of posttraumatic growth.This Handbook will appeal to students, practitioners, and researchers working in a broad array of disciplines and human services.
Quality of life (QoL) may often be reduced in survivors of a natural disaster. This paper investigated how posttraumatic growth (PTG), depression and posttraumatic stress interact and independently ...predict QoL in a longitudinal study of disaster survivors.
A total of 58 Norwegian adults who were present in Khao Lak, Thailand at the time of the 2004 Southeast Asia Tsunami completed self-report questionnaires 2 and 6 years after the disaster. The participants reported symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress as well as PTG and QoL. Multiple mixed effects regression analyses were used to determine the independent effects of PTG, depression and posttraumatic stress on QoL measured 2 and 6 years after the disaster.
Posttraumatic stress and depression were negatively related to QoL. PTG was not significantly related to QoL in a bivariate analysis. However, considerable interaction effects were found. Six years after the tsunami, high levels of posttraumatic stress were related to lower QoL in those participants with low levels of PTG, whereas lower levels of depression were related to higher QoL in those participants with high levels of PTG.
Posttraumatic stress and depression are negatively associated with QoL after a natural disaster. PTG may serve as a moderating factor in this relationship.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The growth of the “positive psychology” movement reflects increased scientific and lay interest in the relation of positive phenomena to mental and physical health and the corresponding potential for ...interventions that promote positive feelings, thoughts, and experiences to improve health and well-being. In this article, we (1) consider research on optimism, sense of coherence, and posttraumatic growth that predates the contemporary emphasis on positive psychology, but has clear and increasingly well-supported connections to health psychology, (2) examine several potential mechanisms through which such positive phenomena may influence the etiology, progression, and management of illness, (3) identify four pervasive but misleading assumptions about positive phenomena that may limit both scientific research and practical application, and (4) caution against serious pitfalls of popular views of positive thinking, such as its promotion as a cure for cancer and other diseases. We conclude with recommendations for the balanced scientific investigation and application of positive phenomena.
This study examined the relationships between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic depreciation (PTD) across 10 countries and assessed the factorial invariance of the standardized inventory ...assessing PTG and PTD, the PTGDI-X, the expansion of the PTGI-X (Tedeschi et al., 2017). We also investigated the roles of social and cognitive factors in PTG and PTD. Data were collected from participants who identified that their most stressful life experience met the definition of trauma in Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Nepal, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Turkey, and the US. The participants completed the PTGDI-X and inventories measuring posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and predictor variables such as reexamination of core beliefs, centrality of the event, rumination, and disclosures. Results identified universal aspects such as equivalence of factor loadings of the PTGDI-X and the impact of positive/negative disclosure on PTG and PTD. Results also revealed culture-specific aspects, including the relationships between PTG and PTD, and different patterns of cognitive predictors for PTG and PTD. The current study offered the insight that, for the first time using international data, positive and negative post-trauma changes are not likely to be on opposing ends of one dimension, and it is essential to use the PTGDI-X to better understand both positive and negative aspects of post-traumatic experiences.
Cognitive processes in the aftermath of experiencing a major life stressor play an important role in the impact of the event on the person. Intrusive thoughts about the event are likely to be ...associated with continued distress, while deliberate rumination, aimed at understanding and problem-solving, should be predictive of posttraumatic growth (PTG). The Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI), designed to measure these two styles of rumination, is described and validation information is provided. Using a college student sample screened for having experienced highly stressful life events, data were obtained (N=323) to conduct an exploratory factor analysis that supported the two factors of the ERRI. Separate confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) on two additional samples (Ns=186 and 400) supported a two-factor model. The two ERRI factors were validated by comparison with related variables and by assessing their contributions to predicting distress and PTG in two samples (Ns=198 and 202) that had been combined to conduct the second CFA. Data indicate the ERRI has solid psychometric properties, captures variance not measured by stable differences in cognitive styles, and the separate factors are related to posttraumatic distress and growth as predicted by existing models of PTG.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•In a nationally representative sample of U.S. veterans, pandemic-related posttraumatic growth (PTG) significantly decreased from peri‑pandemic (41.5%) to 2-years post-pandemic onset (32.2%).•Among ...veterans who screened positive for pandemic-related posttraumatic stress symptoms, the prevalence of pandemic-related PTG was markedly higher and stable over the two years (78.4% to 73.4%).•Greater PTG from pre-pandemic trauma—especially personal strength and new possibilities—was the strongest correlate of pandemic-related PTG 2-years post-pandemic onset.•Psychosocial interventions that leverage positive psychological changes from pre-pandemic traumas may help facilitate PTG and psychological adaptation to the pandemic.
Little is known about the positive psychological changes or posttraumatic growth (PTG) in response to the pandemic as the COVID-19 vaccines has become widely available. This longitudinal study aimed to characterize changes in the prevalence of pandemic-related PTG, and to identify and quantify the relative importance of PTG correlates pre-pandemic, 1- year peri‑pandemic, and 2-years post-pandemic onset. A total of 2,441 U.S. military veterans completed Wave 3 assessment of the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. In the full sample, a significant decrease from peri‑pandemic to 2-years post-pandemic onset was observed in overall pandemic-related PTG (41.5% to 32.2%) and four domains of PTG (appreciation of life, relating to others, personal strength, spiritual changes). Among veterans who screened positive for pandemic-related posttraumatic stress symptoms, the prevalence of pandemic-related PTG was markedly higher and did not change from peri‑pandemic to 2-years post-pandemic onset (78.4% to 73.4%). Greater pre-pandemic PTG (personal strength and new possibilities) and greater worries about the effect of pandemic on one's mental health were the strongest correlates of pandemic-related PTG 2-years post-pandemic onset. Results suggest that psychosocial interventions to bolster PTG in relation to early life traumas may help facilitate PTG in response to the pandemic and related crises.
There are different views about the dimensions of the positive changes resulting from the struggle with traumatic events. Using Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) data reported by participants (N ...= 926) experiencing a variety of traumatic events, five models of the underlying structure of the PTGI were tested via confirmatory factor analyses to examine whether the PTGI comprises three domains (Changed Perception of Self, Changed Interpersonal Relationships, and Changed Philosophy of Life), five factors (Relating to Others, New Possibilities, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and Appreciation of Life), or a unitary dimension. Results indicated an oblique 5‐factor model best fit the data, thus revealing the PTGI was multidimensional. Present findings offer implications for understanding the nature of posttraumatic growth.
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