The spatial distribution of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar young‐of‐the‐year (0+) and 1 year old parr (1+) from the 2006 spawning cohort in a 5125 m reach of the River Skauga in central Norway was ...documented. A high degree of similarity was found between the distribution of 0+ and 1+ parr based on catches at 205 transects sampled in both years. Cross‐correlations and partial cross‐correlations (correcting for habitat variables) confirmed significant positive association between the two distributions on a small spatial scale (within 100 m) and a clear pattern of decreasing correlation with distance.
The interactions between the phenothiazine dyes, methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB), and bacteria (
Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Enterococcus faecalis,
Hemophilus ...influenzae,
Escherichia coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were studied spectrophotometrically. This demonstrated that a metachromatic reaction took place between the dyes and bacteria. Furthermore, bacteria induced additional dimerization of MB and TB. The effective dimerization constants of MB and TB were evaluated in the presence of each bacterial strain at a concentration of 10
8 CFU/ml. The analysis of the effective dimerization constants for MB and TB in the presence of bacteria indicated that the ability to form dimers was greater for TB than for MB. Gram-negative bacteria induced the dye dimerization more intensely than gram-positive bacteria. There was a correlation between the ability of each dye to form dimers in the presence of bacteria and the relative photobactericidal efficacy of each dye against these bacteria. These results provide evidence confirming the essential role of the dye dimers in bacterial photodamage.
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are a major contributor to the global burden of disease, and have huge societal impact. Some studies show that AUD patients carrying the G-allele of the OPRM1 variant ...c.118A>G respond better to naltrexone, resulting in reduced relapse rates compared to carriers of the AA genotype. Genotype-guided treatment allocation of these patients carrying a G-allele to naltrexone could potentially improve the treatment outcome. However, cost-effectiveness of this strategy should be investigated before considering clinical implementation. We, therefore, evaluated costs and Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs), using a modelling approach, from an European perspective, of genotype-guided treatment allocation (G-allele carriers receiving naltrexone; AA homozygotes acamprosate or naltrexone) compared to standard care (random treatment allocation to acamprosate or naltrexone), by using a Markov model. Genotype-guided treatment allocation resulted in incremental costs of EUR 66 (95% CI –28 to 149) and incremental effects of 0.005 QALYs (95% CI 0.000–0.011) per patient (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of EUR 13,350 per QALY). Sensitivity analyses showed that the risk ratio to relapse after treatment allocation had the largest impact on the cost-effectiveness. Depending on the willingness to pay for a gain of one QALY, probabilities that the intervention is cost-effective varies between 6 and 79%. In conclusion, pharmacogenetic treatment allocation of AUD patients to naltrexone, based on OPRM1 genotype, can be a cost-effective strategy, and could have potential individual and societal benefits. However, more evidence on the impact of genotype-guided treatment allocation on relapse is needed to substantiate these conclusions, as there is contradictory evidence about the effectiveness of OPRM1 genotyping.
During the MARSITECruise expedition in November 2014 on board the RV Pourquoi Pas?, multidisciplinary sampling was carried out with the ROV Victor 6000 in order to investigate biogeochemical ...processes taking place at cold seep environments in the Sea of Marmara. Pore water, bottom water, sediment and authigenic carbonate samples were collected from two short push cores (MRS-DV5-PC04 − 8cm, MRS-DV5-PC01 − 12.5cm) at an active methane bubbling site in the southeastern part of the Çinarcik Basin. Sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope data as well as sulfide isotope data indicate that sulfate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane is the dominant process in the sediments. This is confirmed by archaeal lipids diagnostic for anaerobic methane oxidizers detected with strong 13C-depletions. The available data even allows to distinguish the dominant AOM assemblages. Specific lipid patterns are consistent with a dominance of ANME-2 archaea within the microbial community. Abundant authigenic carbonates (mostly aragonite), found at all depths, show a narrow range in δ13C values between −27.69‰ and −33.40‰. The carbon isotopic composition of the dissolved inorganic carbon as well as strontium and calcium isotopes confirm that the current reaction zone (sulfate-methane transition zone) starts at the bottom of the core. All shallower carbonates are witnesses of paleo seepage activity. U-Th dating of four pure aragonite samples show the short time span that is preserved in core MRS-DV5-PC01 (235 ± 60yr B.P.). Two major earthquakes of 1766 CE and 1754 CE in the Çinarcik Basin might potentially have triggered the increased seepage of methane at this location.
Fluid flow and carbonate recrystallization rates of deep-sea sediments from eight locations in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific were determined by using δ
44/40
Ca values of pore water and ...corresponding sediments. The studied drill sites of IODP Exp. 320/321 are located along a transect of decreasing crustal age and reveal different characteristic pore water depth profiles. The younger sites show an overall isotopic equilibration with the sediment in the upper part of the sedimentary column. In the lower part, the δ
44/40
Ca of the pore water increases back to seawater-like values at the sediment/basalt interface, forming a bulge-shaped pore water profile. The magnitude of the δ
44/40
Ca pore water bulge decreases with increasing age of the oceanic crust and sediment cover, resulting in seawater-like δ
44/40
Ca values throughout the sedimentary column in the oldest Sites U1331 and U1332. These findings indicate a seawater-like fluid input from the underlying crust into the sediment. Thus, after sedimentation, carbonate recrystallization processes start to enrich the pore water in
40
Ca, and after a time of carbonate recrystallization and cooling of oceanic crust, a flow of seawater-like fluid starts to move upwards through the sedimentary column, enriching the pore water with
44
Ca. We established a carbonate recrystallization and fluid flow model to quantify these processes. Our determined carbonate recrystallization rates between 0.000013e
(−t/15.5)
and 0.00038e
(−t/100.5)
and fluid flow rates in the range of 0.42–19 m*Myr
−1
indicate that the fluid flow within the investigated sites of IODP Exp. 320/321 depends on the sedimentary composition and location of the specific site, especially the proximity to a recharge or discharge site of a hydrothermal convection cell.
Highly mineralized springs in the Scuol-Tarasp area of the Lower Engadin and in the Albula Valley near Alvaneu, Switzerland, display distinct differences with respect to the source and fate of their ...dissolved sulphur species. High sulphate concentrations and positive sulphur (δ ³⁴S) and oxygen (δ ¹⁸O) isotopic compositions argue for the subsurface dissolution of Mesozoic evaporitic sulphate. In contrast, low sulphate concentrations and less positive or even negative δ ³⁴S and δ ¹⁸O values indicate a substantial contribution of sulphate sulphur from the oxidation of sulphides in the crystalline basement rocks or the Jurassic sedimentary cover rocks. Furthermore, multiple sulphur (δ ³⁴S, Δ ³³S) isotopes support the identification of microbial sulphate reduction and sulphide oxidation in the subsurface, the latter is also evident through the presence of thick aggregates of sulphide-oxidizing Thiothrix bacteria.
Sediments in the Indian Ocean off the coast of the Indonesian island Sumatra were sampled at 25 stations in high resolution near the sediment surface and at three stations up to a maximum depth of 12 ...meter below seafloor (mbsf) for a quantitative microbial community analysis. Total cell counts were determined applying two different protocols including SYBR Green II as fluorescent staining dye. Total cell counts without detaching cells from sediment particles were 10
9
cells/ mL sediments at the sediment surface with little variation between all stations. They decreased to 10
8
cells/ mL at 0.2 to 0.4 mbsf and to 10
7
cells/ mL below 6 mbsf. The total cell counts after detaching cells from sediment particles were up to one order of magnitude lower above 6 mbsf and showed similar values below. This difference for the two protocols can be explained by a loss of cells during the detachment procedure and/or counting of unspecific signals without detaching cells from sediment particles. Particular phylogenetic and physiological prokaryotic groups were quantified by quantitative, real-time PCR (Q-PCR) targeting 16S rRNA and functional genes. Archaea and Bacteria were found overall in similar 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in the range of the total cell counts at all sediment depths, thus, neither Archaea nor Bacteria could be considered as dominant. The eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene occurred in two orders of magnitude lower numbers than prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes. Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria (16S rRNA gene of Geobacteraceae) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (functional gene dsrA) were detected in variable (up to 10
8
gene copies/ mL sediment) but in always significantly lower numbers than total Bacteria. The proportion of sulfate reducers on the prokaryotic community was between 0.2 and 19%. Calculated aereal sulfate reduction rates were overall low with values between 0.002 and 0.027 mmol m
− 2
a
− 1
, resulting in sulfate reduction rates per cell of 0.0007 and 0.81 fmol cell
− 1
a
− 1
, similar to published data for other deeply buried marine sediments. Methanogenesis did not seem to play a big role since methane was detected only below 6.5 mbsf, and the functional gene of methanogens and anaerobic methanotrophs mcrA could not be detected in any sample.
The Tie receptors with their Angiopoietin ligands act as regulators of angiogenesis and vessel maturation. Tie2 exerts its functions through its supposed endothelial-specific expression. Yet, Tie2 is ...also expressed at lower levels by pericytes and it has not been unravelled through which mechanisms pericyte Angiopoietin/Tie signalling affects angiogenesis. Here we show that human and murine pericytes express functional Tie2 receptor. Silencing of Tie2 in pericytes results in a pro-migratory phenotype. Pericyte Tie2 controls sprouting angiogenesis in in vitro sprouting and in vivo spheroid assays. Tie2 downstream signalling in pericytes involves Calpain, Akt and FOXO3A. Ng2-Cre-driven deletion of pericyte-expressed Tie2 in mice transiently delays postnatal retinal angiogenesis. Yet, Tie2 deletion in pericytes results in a pronounced pro-angiogenic effect leading to enhanced tumour growth. Together, the data expand and revise the current concepts on vascular Angiopoietin/Tie signalling and propose a bidirectional, reciprocal EC-pericyte model of Tie2 signalling.
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