Carrot (
Daucus carota
L.) is of importance in the molecular farming field as it constitutes the first plant species approved to produce biopharmaceuticals for human use. In this review, features ...that make carrot an advantageous species in the molecular farming field are analyzed and a description of the developments achieved with this crop thus far is presented. A guide for genetic transformation procedures is also included. The state of the art comprises ten vaccine prototypes against
Measles virus
,
Hepatitis B virus
,
Human immunodeficiency virus
,
Yersinia pestis
,
Chlamydia trachomatis
,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
,
Corynebacterium diphtheria
/
Clostridium tetani/Bordetella pertussis,
and
Helicobacter pylori
; as well as the case of the glucocerebrosidase, an enzyme used for replacement therapy, and other therapeutics. Perspectives for these developments are envisioned and innovations are proposed such as the use of transplastomic technologies-, hairy roots-, and viral expression-based systems to improve yields and develop new products derived from this advantageous plant species.
The immunostimulatory potential of the marine yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (D1 and N6 strains) administered orally was evaluated in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Yeasts and commercial glucans ...were mixed with a commercial feed to formulate diets with a 1.1% concentration of immunostimulants. The shrimp were fed daily for a period of 21 days. Weekly determinations were performed for immunological parameters in hemolymph, such as total hemocyte count (THC), lysozyme activity (LYZ), prophenoloxidase activity, antioxidant enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, and peroxidases), and bactericidal activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Expression profiles of penaeidin (PEN), lysozyme (LYZ), and prophenoloxidase (proPO) immune genes were evaluated in hemocytes. In general, an increase in the immune parameters was observed in shrimp fed yeast diet compared to glucan and the control diets. Yarrowia lipolytica, especially strain N6, provided maximum immunostimulatory effects evidenced by the increase of immune parameters (THC, LYZ, SOD, CAT) and gene expression profile. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Y. lipolytica had immunostimulatory effects and increased bactericidal activity in L. vannamei hemocytes against V. parahaemolyticus. These findings open the path for the potential application of Y. lipolytica-based immunostimulant for shrimp aquaculture.
•This is the first report on the immunological response to Yarrowia lipolytica in shrimp.•Oral administration of Y. lipolytica stimulates innate immune responses.•Y. lipolytica increased bactericidal activity in shrimp.•Circulating hemocytes and immune-related enzymatic activities increased in shrimp fed Y. lipolytica.•Immune-related gene expression up-regulated in hemocytes upon yeast administration.
Nanovaccines constitute an innovative approach in vaccinology, enabled by the nanotechnology advances on the synthesis, functionalization and application of nanoparticles for immunization. Currently, ...several organic materials such as chitosan, poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid), nanopoliplexes and virus‐like particles (VLPs) have been used for nanovaccine development to fight against fish diseases. The oral route is the most practical and economical for fish vaccination; thus, several oral vaccine candidates have been developed by using NPs in which the antigen is encapsulated, surface exposed or recombinantly ensembled (VLPs), leading to promising results in terms of protection capacity against infectious diseases. In this review, the state of the art on oral nanovaccine prototypes developed for use in fish was analysed and discussed. Oral nanovaccines have showed remarkably possibilities for application in fish aquaculture, which surely will be adopted by the industry in the following years.
Atherosclerosis is a pathology leading to cardiovascular diseases with high epidemiologic impact; thus, new therapies are required to fight this global health issue. Immunotherapy is a feasible ...approach to treat atherosclerosis and given that genetically engineered plants are attractive hosts for vaccine development; we previously proved that the plant cell is able to synthesize a chimeric protein called CTB:p210:CETPe, which is composed of the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as immunogenic carrier and target epitopes from the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP
461–476
) and apolipoprotein B100 (p210). Since CTB:p210:CETPe was expressed in tobacco at sufficient levels to evoke humoral responses in mice, its expression in carrot was explored in the present study looking to develop a vaccine in a safe host amenable for oral delivery; avoiding the purification requirement. Carrot cell lines expressing CTB:p210:CETPe were developed, showing accumulation levels up to 6.1 µg/g dry weight. An immunoblot analysis revealed that the carrot-made protein is antigenic and an oral mice immunization scheme led to evidence on the immunogenic activity of this protein; revealing its capability of inducing serum IgG responses against p210 and CETP epitopes. This study represents a step forward in the development of an attractive oral low-cost vaccine to treat atherosclerosis.
Vaccines have saved millions of humans and animals from deadly diseases. Many vaccines are still under development to fight against lethal diseases. Indeed, subunit vaccines are a versatile approach ...with several advantageous attributes, but they lack strong immunogenicity. Nanotechnology is an avenue to vaccine development because nanoparticles may serve as nanocarriers and adjuvants, which are critical aspects for oral vaccines. This review provides an update of oral organic nanovaccines, describing suitable nanomaterials for oral vaccine design and recent (last five-year view) oral nanovaccine developments to fight against those principal pathogens causing human and animal diseases.
•Organic NPs can be synthetized by emulsification and nanoprecipitation methods.•Antigens have been encapsulated in or anchored on NPs to form nanovaccines.•In lab animals and target hosts nanovaccines demonstrated immunogenicity.•More studies on immmunoprotection by nanovaccines are required.•Challenges and perspectives on oral organic nanovaccines are provided.
La fuerte crisis por la que atraviesa el matrimonio en la actualidad, enmarcada en el pensamiento erróneo y la influencia de los medios de comunicación en muchos sectores de la sociedad alimentando ...la mentalidad moderna que no es capaz de asumir el matrimonio para toda la vida, negando así el verdadero fundamento natural del matrimonio, reduciéndolo a una creación cultural, creado a voluntad de grupos religiosos o gobernantes; cuando en realidad el matrimonio, es anterior a cualquier asociación humana, es anterior al Estado y a cualquier religión institucionalizada .El objetivo general de esta investigación es conocer las concepciones sobre el carácter natural del matrimonio en los estudiantes de un CEBA de BAMBAMARCA siendo una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptiva, ya que busca hacer una descripción de la realidad actual que se pretende conocer en dicha institución, aplicando un instrumento válido y fiable, consistente en un cuestionario con escala ordinal tipo likert.
Tesis
La fuerte crisis por la que atraviesa el matrimonio en la actualidad, enmarcada en el pensamiento erróneo y la influencia de los medios de comunicación en muchos sectores de la sociedad alimentando ...la mentalidad moderna que no es capaz de asumir el matrimonio para toda la vida, negando así el verdadero fundamento natural del matrimonio, reduciéndolo a una creación cultural, creado a voluntad de grupos religiosos o gobernantes; cuando en realidad el matrimonio, es anterior a cualquier asociación humana, es anterior al Estado y a cualquier religión institucionalizada .El objetivo general de esta investigación es conocer las concepciones sobre el carácter natural del matrimonio en los estudiantes de un CEBA de BAMBAMARCA siendo una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptiva, ya que busca hacer una descripción de la realidad actual que se pretende conocer en dicha institución, aplicando un instrumento válido y fiable, consistente en un cuestionario con escala ordinal tipo likert.
Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa
Current research has established that vocabulary learning is essential in the process of Second;
Language ...Acquisition (SLA). Since vocabulary learning is an extremely variable practice,;
choosing the right method to teach it is important so as to achieve proficiency in the target;
language. In this sense, the Language Planning and Policies (LPP) of different countries lay;
a fundamental role when establishing language policies and the creation of curricula and;
textbooks for teachers and students. Following this, the present study focuses on the analysis;
of the English textbooks from 1st to 4th year of high school, designed for public schools, as;
well as the curricula from the Chilean Ministry of Education. The aim of this study was to;
verify if the curricula creation follows what the current academic literature establishes;
regarding vocabulary acquisition techniques and whether what was presented in the curricula;
corresponds to what is taught to high school students in their English textbooks. The results;
show that the teaching of English vocabulary in public education does not entirely follow the;
major guidelines that have been explored in the literature about vocabulary teaching and;
learning by different authors, rather, it takes some notions from it, which are not fully;
developed. Additionally, the Chilean Ministry of Education does not seem to have a clear;
explicit public policy in regards to English education in the country.
Videogames represent an exciting development in neuropsychological assessment of cognitive function. Here, we used TOWI, a series of games based on standardized tests, to evaluate the cognitive ...performance of a large sample of school-age children. We compared the metrics produced by TOWI with the performance metrics reported for the standardized tests that inspired each of these tasks. We found ascending values together with age for scores reflecting correct answers and descending values together with age for scores reflecting completion times, mistakes or missed entries. Sensitivity to developmental changes, similarities with standardized tests of task metrics contribute to the validity of TOWI as a screening tool.
Background/HypothesisPulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by loss of pulmonary microvessels and vascular remodeling. Loss of function BMPR2 mutations ...contribute to pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and oxidative stress, but their reduced penetrance suggests need for additional modifiers. Carboxylesterase1 (CES1) is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzyme responsible for detoxification, proteostasis, and redox balance. Similar to BMPR2 mutations, we found that loss of CES1 is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this study, we explore a plausible link between BMPR2 pathway and CES1 regulation in promoting EC survival and angiogenesis.MethodsPECs & lung tissue from healthy donors and PAH patients were obtained from PHBI. To induce oxidative stress, we used H2O2 (100 μM) & methamphetamine HCl (METH, 0.5-2mM). Both siRNA and pharmacological approaches were used to inhibit BMPR2, Nrf2, and CES1 expression. Caspase and Matrigel assays were used to assess PEC survival and tube formation, respectively.ResultsRNAseq of BMPR2-mutant PECs showed significantly less CES1 expression, which correlated with reduced protein expression in PEC lysates and within lung vascular lesions. In healthy PECs, BMP9 stimulation led to increase in CES1 expression that was absent post BMPR2 knockdown. CES1 gene transcription was by BMPR2-dependent activation of Nrf2, a transcription factor responsible for antioxidant gene expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. Inhibition of Nrf2 activation by ML385 (5μM) abrogates BMP9 induced CES1 mRNA levels similar to BMPR2 knockdown. The connection between BMPR2 and CES1 was further strengthened by CES1 knockdown studies in PECs that demonstrated reduction in BMPR2 protein synthesis associated with ER stress and reduced autophagy. Finally, lung examination in CRISPR generated CES1 mice demonstrated increased microvascular muscularization at normoxia compared to wild type mice.ConclusionBMPR2 and CES1 are part of common signaling pathway that protects PECs against oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage through a positive feedback loop. Interventions that restore CES1 activity could rescue BMPR2 signaling and serve as novel PAH therapeutics.
