Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms. Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other ...fungi, bacteria, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms. The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. Moreover, fungi can be grown with relative ease, making production at scale viable. The search for fungal biodiversity, and the construction of a living fungi collection, both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products. This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology. We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers. We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products. Fungi have provided the world with penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.
The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches. There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species, but the number of formally described taxa is around ...150,000, a tiny fraction of the total. In this paper, we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions, and introduce new species in each genus. To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species, we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery. We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification. The genera are
Apiospora
,
Bambusicola
,
Beltrania
,
Capronia
,
Distoseptispora
,
Endocalyx
,
Neocatenulostroma
,
Neodeightonia
,
Paraconiothyrium
,
Peroneutypa
,
Phaeoacremonium
and
Vanakripa
. We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS (barcode) sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE. We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.
Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of ...fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families are
Eriomycetaceae
(Dothideomycetes, family
incertae sedis
) and
Fasciatisporaceae
(
Xylariales
, Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera comprise
Bhagirathimyces
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Camporesiomyces
(
Tubeufiaceae
),
Eriocamporesia
(
Cryphonectriaceae
),
Eriomyces
(
Eriomycetaceae
),
Neomonodictys
(
Pleurotheciaceae
),
Paraloratospora
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Paramonodictys
(
Parabambusicolaceae
),
Pseudoconlarium
(Diaporthomycetidae, genus
incertae sedis
),
Pseudomurilentithecium
(
Lentitheciaceae
),
Setoapiospora
(
Muyocopronaceae
),
Srinivasanomyces
(
Vibrisseaceae
) and
Xenoanthostomella
(
Xylariales
, genera
incertae sedis
). The 82 new species comprise
Acremonium chiangraiense
,
Adustochaete nivea
,
Angustimassarina camporesii
,
Bhagirathimyces himalayensis
,
Brunneoclavispora camporesii
,
Camarosporidiella camporesii
,
Camporesiomyces mali
,
Camposporium appendiculatum
,
Camposporium multiseptatum
,
Camposporium septatum
,
Canalisporium aquaticium
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesiana
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesii
,
Colletotrichum hederiicola
,
Coniochaeta vineae
,
Conioscypha verrucosa
,
Cortinarius ainsworthii
,
Cortinarius aurae
,
Cortinarius britannicus
,
Cortinarius heatherae
,
Cortinarius scoticus
,
Cortinarius subsaniosus
,
Cytospora fusispora
,
Cytospora rosigena
,
Diaporthe camporesii
,
Diaporthe nigra
,
Diatrypella yunnanensis
,
Dictyosporium muriformis
,
Didymella camporesii
,
Diutina bernali
,
Diutina sipiczkii
,
Eriocamporesia aurantia
,
Eriomyces heveae
,
Ernakulamia tanakae
,
Falciformispora uttaraditensis
,
Fasciatispora cocoes
,
Foliophoma camporesii
,
Fuscostagonospora camporesii
,
Helvella subtinta
,
Kalmusia erioi
,
Keissleriella camporesiana
,
Keissleriella camporesii
,
Lanspora cylindrospora
,
Loratospora arezzoensis
,
Mariannaea atlantica
,
Melanographium phoenicis
,
Montagnula camporesii
,
Neodidymelliopsis camporesii
,
Neokalmusia kunmingensis
,
Neoleptosporella camporesiana
,
Neomonodictys muriformis
,
Neomyrmecridium guizhouense
,
Neosetophoma camporesii
,
Paraloratospora camporesii
,
Paramonodictys solitarius
,
Periconia palmicola
,
Plenodomus triseptatus
,
Pseudocamarosporium camporesii
,
Pseudocercospora maetaengensis
,
Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense
,
Pseudoconlarium punctiforme
,
Pseudodactylaria camporesiana
,
Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii
,
Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis
,
Pseudotruncatella camporesii
,
Rhexocercosporidium senecionis
,
Rhytidhysteron camporesii
,
Rhytidhysteron erioi
,
Septoriella camporesii
,
Setoapiospora thailandica
,
Srinivasanomyces kangrensis
,
Tetraploa dwibahubeeja
,
Tetraploa pseudoaristata
,
Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja
,
Torula camporesii
,
Tremateia camporesii
,
Tremateia lamiacearum
,
Uzbekistanica pruni
,
Verruconis mangrovei
,
Wilcoxina verruculosa
,
Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae
and
Xenodidymella camporesii
. The five new combinations are
Camporesiomyces patagoniensis
,
Camporesiomyces vaccinia
,
Camposporium lycopodiellae
,
Paraloratospora gahniae
and
Rhexocercosporidium microsporum
. The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution comprise
Arthrinium marii
,
Ascochyta medicaginicola
,
Ascochyta pisi
,
Astrocystis bambusicola
,
Camposporium pellucidum
,
Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis
,
Diaporthe foeniculina
,
Didymella macrostoma
,
Diplodia mutila
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Heterosphaeria patella
,
Hysterobrevium constrictum
,
Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi
,
Neovaginatispora fuckelii
,
Nothophoma quercina
,
Occultibambusa bambusae
,
Phaeosphaeria chinensis
,
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae
,
Pyxine berteriana
,
Tetraploa sasicola
,
Torula gaodangensis
and
Wojnowiciella dactylidis
. In addition, the sexual morphs of
Dissoconium eucalypti
and
Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum
are reported from
Laurus nobilis
and
Yucca gloriosa
in Italy, respectively. The holomorph of
Diaporthe cynaroidis
is also reported for the first time.
This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from
Rosa
(
Rosaceae
) and a few other hosts. Novel fungal taxa are ...described in the present study, including 17 new genera, 93 new species, four combinations, a sexual record for a species and new host records for 16 species.
Bhatiellae
,
Cycasicola
,
Dactylidina
,
Embarria
,
Hawksworthiana
,
Italica
,
Melanocucurbitaria
,
Melanodiplodia
,
Monoseptella
,
Uzbekistanica
,
Neoconiothyrium
,
Neopaucispora
,
Pararoussoella
,
Paraxylaria
,
Marjia
,
Sporormurispora and Xenomassariosphaeria
are introduced as new ascomycete genera. We also introduce the new species
Absidia jindoensis
,
Alternaria doliconidium
,
A
.
hampshirensis
,
Angustimassarina rosarum
,
Astragalicola vasilyevae
,
Backusella locustae
,
Bartalinia rosicola
,
Bhatiellae rosae
,
Broomella rosae
,
Castanediella camelliae
,
Coelodictyosporium rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosae
,
C
.
rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosigena
,
Coniochaeta baysunika
,
C. rosae
,
Cycasicola goaensis
,
Dactylidina shoemakeri
,
Dematiopleospora donetzica
,
D
.
rosicola
,
D
.
salsolae
,
Diaporthe rosae
,
D
.
rosicola
,
Endoconidioma rosae
-
hissaricae
,
Epicoccum rosae
,
Hawksworthiana clematidicola
,
H
.
lonicerae
,
Italica achilleae
,
Keissleriella phragmiticola
,
K
.
rosacearum
,
K
.
rosae
,
K
.
rosarum
,
Lophiostoma rosae
,
Marjia tianschanica
,
M
.
uzbekistanica
,
Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica
,
Melanodiplodia tianschanica
,
Monoseptella rosae
,
Mucor fluvius
,
Muriformistrickeria rosae
,
Murilentithecium rosae
,
Neoascochyta rosicola
,
Neoconiothyrium rosae
,
Neopaucispora rosaecae
,
Neosetophoma rosarum
,
N
.
rosae
,
N
.
rosigena
,
Neostagonospora artemisiae
,
Ophiobolus artemisiicola
,
Paraconiothyrium rosae
,
Paraphaeosphaeria rosae
,
P
.
rosicola
,
Pararoussoella rosarum
,
Parathyridaria rosae
,
Paraxylaria rosacearum
,
Penicillium acidum
,
P
.
aquaticum
,
Phragmocamarosporium rosae
,
Pleospora rosae
,
P
.
rosae
-
caninae
,
Poaceicola agrostina
,
P
.
arundinicola
,
P
.
rosae
,
Populocrescentia ammophilae
,
P
.
rosae
,
Pseudocamarosporium pteleae
,
P
.
ulmi
-
minoris
,
Pseudocercospora rosae
,
Pseudopithomyces rosae
,
Pseudostrickeria rosae
,
Sclerostagonospora lathyri
,
S
.
rosae
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seimatosporium rosigenum
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seiridium rosarum
,
Setoseptoria arundelensis
,
S
.
englandensis
,
S
.
lulworthcovensis
,
Sigarispora agrostidis
,
S
.
caryophyllacearum
,
S
.
junci
,
S
.
medicaginicola
,
S
.
rosicola
,
S
.
scrophulariae
,
S
.
thymi
,
Sporormurispora atraphaxidis
,
S
.
pruni
,
Suttonomyces rosae
,
Umbelopsis sinsidoensis
,
Uzbekistanica rosae
-
hissaricae
,
U
.
yakutkhanika
,
Wojnowicia rosicola
,
Xenomassariosphaeria rosae
. New host records are provided for
Amandinea punctata
,
Angustimassarina quercicola
,
Diaporthe rhusicola
,
D. eres
,
D. foeniculina
,
D. rudis
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Dothiorella iberica
,
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
,
Lecidella elaeochroma
,
Muriformistrickeria rubi
,
Neofusicoccum australe
,
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
,
Pleurophoma pleurospora
,
Sigarispora caulium
and
Teichospora rubriostiolata
. The new combinations are
Dactylidina dactylidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis
),
Embarria clematidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria clematidis
),
Hawksworthiana alliariae
(=
Dematiopleospora alliariae
) and
Italica luzulae
(=
Dematiopleospora luzulae
). This study also provides some insights into the diversity of fungi on
Rosa
species and especially those on
Rosa
spines that resulted in the characterisation of eight new genera, 45 new species, and nine new host records. We also collected taxa from
Rosa
stems and there was 31% (20/65) overlap with taxa found on stems with that on spines. Because of the limited and non-targeted sampling for comparison with collections from spines and stems of the same host and location, it is not possible to say that the fungi on spines of
Rosa
differ from those on stems. The study however, does illustrate how spines are interesting substrates with high fungal biodiversity. This may be because of their hard structure resulting in slow decay and hence are suitable substrates leading to fungal colonisation. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
This is the sixth in a series of papers where we bring collaborating mycologists together to produce a set of notes of several taxa of fungi. In this study we introduce a new family
...Fuscostagonosporaceae
in Dothideomycetes. We also introduce the new ascomycete genera
Acericola
,
Castellaniomyces
,
Dictyosporina
and
Longitudinalis
and new species
Acericola italica
,
Alternariaster trigonosporus
,
Amarenomyces dactylidis
,
Angustimassarina coryli
,
Astrocystis bambusicola
,
Castellaniomyces rosae
,
Chaetothyrina artocarpi
,
Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis
,
Colletotrichum lauri
,
Collodiscula chiangraiensis
,
Curvularia palmicola
,
Cytospora mali
-
sylvestris
,
Dictyocheirospora cheirospora
,
Dictyosporina ferruginea
,
Dothiora coronillae
,
Dothiora spartii
,
Dyfrolomyces phetchaburiensis
,
Epicoccum cedri
,
Epicoccum pruni
,
Fasciatispora calami
,
Fuscostagonospora cytisi
,
Grandibotrys hyalinus
,
Hermatomyces nabanheensis
,
Hongkongmyces thailandica
,
Hysterium rhizophorae
,
Jahnula guttulaspora
,
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata
,
Koorchalomella salmonispora
,
Longitudinalis nabanheensis
,
Lophium zalerioides
,
Magnibotryascoma mali
,
Meliola clerodendri
-
infortunati
,
Microthyrium chinense
,
Neodidymelliopsis moricola
,
Neophaeocryptopus spartii
,
Nigrograna thymi
,
Ophiocordyceps cossidarum
,
Ophiocordyceps issidarum
,
Ophiosimulans plantaginis
,
Otidea pruinosa
,
Otidea stipitata
,
Paucispora kunmingense
,
Phaeoisaria microspora
,
Pleurothecium floriforme
,
Poaceascoma halophila
,
Periconia aquatica
,
Periconia submersa
,
Phaeosphaeria acaciae
,
Phaeopoacea muriformis
,
Pseudopithomyces kunmingnensis
,
Ramgea ozimecii
,
Sardiniella celtidis
,
Seimatosporium italicum
,
Setoseptoria scirpi
,
Torula gaodangensis
and
Vamsapriya breviconidiophora
. We also provide an amended account of
Rhytidhysteron
to include apothecial ascomata and a J+ hymenium. The type species of
Ascotrichella hawksworthii
(
Xylariales genera incertae sedis
),
Biciliopsis leptogiicola
(
Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis
),
Brooksia tropicalis
(
Micropeltidaceae
),
Bryochiton monascus
(
Teratosphaeriaceae
),
Bryomyces scapaniae
(
Pseudoperisporiaceae
),
Buelliella minimula
(
Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis
),
Carinispora nypae
(
Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae
),
Cocciscia hammeri
(
Verrucariaceae
),
Endoxylina astroidea
(
Diatrypaceae
),
Exserohilum turcicum
(
Pleosporaceae
),
Immotthia hypoxylon
(
Roussoellaceae
),
Licopolia franciscana
(
Vizellaceae
),
Murispora rubicunda
(
Amniculicolaceae
) and
Doratospora guianensis
(synonymized under
Rizalia guianensis
,
Trichosphaeriaceae
) were re-examined and descriptions, illustrations and discussion on their familial placement are given based on phylogeny and morphological data. New host records or new country reports are provided for
Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis
,
Colletotrichum fioriniae
,
Diaporthe subclavata
,
Diatrypella vulgaris
,
Immersidiscosia eucalypti
,
Leptoxyphium glochidion
,
Stemphylium vesicarium
,
Tetraploa yakushimensis
and
Xepicula leucotricha
.
Diaporthe baccae
is synonymized under
Diaporthe rhusicola.
A reference specimen is provided for
Periconia minutissima.
Updated phylogenetic trees are provided for most families and genera. We introduce the new basidiomycete species
Agaricus purpurlesquameus
,
Agaricus rufusfibrillosus
,
Lactifluus holophyllus
,
Lactifluus luteolamellatus
,
Lactifluus pseudohygrophoroides
,
Russula benwooii
,
Russula hypofragilis
,
Russula obscurozelleri
,
Russula parapallens
,
Russula phoenicea
,
Russula pseudopelargonia
,
Russula pseudotsugarum
,
Russula rhodocephala
,
Russula salishensis
,
Steccherinum amapaense
,
Tephrocybella constrictospora
,
Tyromyces amazonicus
and
Tyromyces angulatus
and provide updated trees to the genera. We also introduce
Mortierella formicae
in
Mortierellales
, Mucoromycota and provide an updated phylogenetic tree.
Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 ...expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on orders and families
incertae sedis
of Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders
incertae sedis
in Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as families
incertae sedis
due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence. The new order, Catinellales, and four new families,
Catinellaceae
,
Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae
and
Thyrinulaceae
are introduced. Seven genera (
Neobuelliella
,
Pseudomicrothyrium
,
Flagellostrigula
,
Swinscowia
,
Macroconstrictolumina
,
Pseudobogoriella
, and
Schummia
) are introduced. Seven new species (
Acrospermum urticae
,
Bogoriella complexoluminata
,
Dothiorella ostryae
,
Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus
,
Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis
,
Patellaria microspora
, and
Pseudomicrothyrium thailandicum
) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.
This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic and phylogenetic papers on the fungi where materials were collected from many countries, examined and described. In addition to extensive morphological ...descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections, DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic positions of taxa within appropriate ranks. Wherever new species or combinations are proposed, we apply an integrative approach using morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable. Notes on 112 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper including
Biatriosporaceae
and
Roussoellaceae
,
Didysimulans
gen. nov., 81 new species, 18 new host records and new country records, five reference specimens, two new combinations, and three sexual and asexual morph reports. The new species are
Amanita cornelii
,
A
.
emodotrygon
,
Angustimassarina alni
,
A
.
arezzoensis
,
A
.
italica
,
A
.
lonicerae
,
A
.
premilcurensis
,
Ascochyta italica
,
A
.
rosae
,
Austroboletus appendiculatus
,
Barriopsis thailandica
,
Berkleasmium ariense
,
Calophoma petasitis
,
Camarosporium laburnicola
,
C
.
moricola
,
C
.
grisea
,
C
.
ossea
,
C
.
paraincrustata
,
Colletotrichum sambucicola
,
Coprinopsis cerkezii
,
Cytospora gelida
,
Dacrymyces chiangraiensis
,
Didysimulans italica
,
D
.
mezzanensis
,
Entodesmium italica
,
Entoloma magnum
,
Evlachovaea indica
,
Exophiala italica
,
Favolus gracilisporus
,
Femsjonia monospora
,
Fomitopsis flabellata
,
F
.
roseoalba
,
Gongronella brasiliensis
,
Helvella crispoides
,
Hermatomyces chiangmaiensis
,
H
.
chromolaenae
,
Hysterium centramurum
,
Inflatispora caryotae
,
Inocybe brunneosquamulosa
,
I
.
luteobrunnea
,
I
.
rubrobrunnea
,
Keissleriella cirsii
,
Lepiota cylindrocystidia
,
L
.
flavocarpa
,
L
.
maerimensis
,
Lophiotrema guttulata
,
Marasmius luculentus
,
Morenoina calamicola
,
Moelleriella thanathonensis
,
Mucor stercorarius
,
Myrmecridium fluviae
,
Myrothecium septentrionale
,
Neosetophoma garethjonesii
,
Nigrograna cangshanensis
,
Nodulosphaeria guttulatum
,
N
.
multiseptata
,
N
.
sambuci
,
Panus subfasciatus
,
Paraleptosphaeria padi
,
Paraphaeosphaeria viciae
,
Parathyridaria robiniae
,
Penicillium punicae
,
Phaeosphaeria calamicola
,
Phaeosphaeriopsis yuccae
,
Pleurophoma italica
,
Polyporus brevibasidiosus
,
P
.
koreanus
,
P
.
orientivarius
,
P
.
parvovarius
,
P
.
subdictyopus
,
P
.
ulleungus
,
Pseudoasteromassaria spadicea
,
Rosellinia mearnsii
,
Rubroboletus demonensis
,
Russula yanheensis
,
Sigarispora muriformis
,
Sillia italica
,
Stagonosporopsis ailanthicola
,
Strobilomyces longistipitatus
,
Subplenodomus galicola
and
Wolfiporia pseudococos
. The new combinations are
Melanomma populina
and
Rubroboletus eastwoodiae
. The reference specimens are
Cookeina tricholoma
,
Gnomoniopsis sanguisorbae
,
Helvella costifera
,
Polythrincium trifolii
and
Russula virescens
. The new host records and country records are
Ascochyta medicaginicola
,
Boletellus emodensis
,
Cyptotrama asprata
,
Cytospora ceratosperma
,
Favolaschia auriscalpium
,
F
.
manipularis
,
Hysterobrevium mori
,
Lentinus sajor
-
caju
,
L
.
squarrosulus
,
L
.
velutinus
,
Leucocoprinus cretaceus
,
Lophiotrema vagabundum
,
Nothophoma quercina
,
Platystomum rosae
,
Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei
,
Tremella fuciformis
,
Truncatella spartii
and
Vaginatispora appendiculata
and three sexual and asexual morphs are
Aposphaeria corallinolutea
,
Dothiora buxi
and
Hypocrella calendulina
.
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