The need for accurate methods of ascertaining the malignant potential of any given man's prostate cancer has never been greater than it is today. The presenters at the session of the 13th ...International Prostate Cancer Update addressing early diagnosis and staging of disease discussed combined-modality staging of disease; color Doppler imaging for detection of cancer; pelvic lymphadenectomy as a diagnostic tool; and a new, artificial intelligence-based model to predict survival. A summary of these presentations is provided here.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy, safety, and dose-response profiles of four dosing schemes of flutamide over 24 weeks.
Patients were randomized to receive one of the ...following five treatment regimens for a period of 24 weeks: placebo capsule, flutamide capsules 125 mg twice daily, 250 mg once daily, 250 mg twice daily, and 250 mg three times daily. Patients were then evaluated at baseline (0 weeks) and at 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks after the start of treatment, and 8 weeks after the end of treatment (32 weeks). Evaluation of efficacy was performed by noting changes in urine flow rate, residual urine volume, symptom score, prostate volume, and prostate-specific antigen level. A total of 372 patients were enrolled into the study at 32 centers 14 centers in the United States and 18 international centers.
Baseline peak urinary flow rate and percent change from baseline in maximum flow rate showed a dose-related increase at 4 and 6 weeks; this increase was significant in the 250 mg three times daily group. At later time points, no significant differences between the flutamide and placebo groups were observed, largely because of the decreasing number of evaluable patients. At 4 and 6 weeks, 25% of patients in the 250 mg three times daily group had more than 3 cc/s increase in uroflow compared to about 10% of placebo patients (
P <0.05). All flutamide-treated groups had a significant decrease in prostate volume from baseline to the last treatment visit compared to placebo and this reduction was dose related (in comparison to placebo:
P < 0.05 for 125 mg twice daily and
P < 0.001 for all other treatment arms). Median decrease for the flutamide-treated groups ranged from 6% to 23% at 1 2 weeks and from 14% to 29% at 24 weeks. All treatment groups showed a subsequent increase in prostate volume after treatment was stopped. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in residual urine volume at 24 weeks only in the 250 mg three times daily group. It increased following cessation of therapy. Urinary symptoms at 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks did not show any significant difference between placebo and any flutamide dose group. The most common adverse events were nipple and breast tenderness (42% to 52%), diarrhea (29% to 34%), and gynecomastia (14% to 19%). Each of these adverse events had a significantly higher incidence in all flutamide dose groups compared with placebo, but none appeared to occur in a dose-related fashion. Sixteen percent of patients in the placebo group and 25% to 39% of patients in flutamide groups were discontinued due to diarrhea (12% to 17%) or nipple and breast tenderness (4% to 8%). A total of 1 % to 3% of patients in various treatment arms discontinued due to deranged liver enzymes (1 % for placebo); and 1 % to 4% due to impotence (1 % for placebo).
Flutamide reduced the prostate volume in a dose-related fashion and resulted in an increase in peak flow rate at 4 weeks (3% for 250 mg three times daily,
P value < 0.05), but the early positive effects did not maintain statistical significance due to an increasing number of dropouts due to adverse events. Effect on postvoid residual volume was observed only at the highest dose and at 24 weeks (median reduction, 23 mL,
P <0.05. Despite volume reduction and early improvement in peak flow rate, there were no significant differences in urinary symptoms among the placebo and flutamide groups. Higher incidences of diarrhea, breast tenderness, and gynecomastia, however, were the main limiting factors in this study and until these problems are overcome, the role of flutamide in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia remains investigational.
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