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•Various methods of synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) from biowastes.•Potential properties of CDs have been explored.•Sustainable applications of biowaste-derived carbon ...dots.•Biowaste-derived CDs for environmental remediation.
In the pursuit of sustainable technological advancements, carbon dots derived from biowastes are being explored as promising novel and eco-friendly resources. Biowastes, often overlooked reservoirs of valuable materials, serve as a source for carbon dot extraction, aligning with the principles of circular economy and waste valorization. This review presents the green synthesis methods, properties, and sustainable applications of biowaste-derived carbon dots with unique optical, electronic, sensing, imaging, and catalysis properties. Various characterization techniques are employed to elucidate the structural, optical, and chemical properties of the synthesized carbon dots, offering insights into their potential as versatile nanomaterials. Overall, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable materials and underscores the potential of carbon dots from biowastes as catalysts for bright and eco-conscious innovations, opening the way for a greener and more sustainable future in materials science and technology.
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•Green synthesis of transition metal (Co, Cu, Zn) doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles.•The fcc nanocrystals have average crystallite sizes ranges from 5.89 to 9.99 nm.•Enhanced ...catalytic efficiency of Co and Cu-doped MgO NPs has been observed.•Samples exhibited antibacterial and antioxidant activities.•Synthesized NPs are potential agents for treating wastewaters.
This study focuses on the fabrication of transition metal (Co, Cu, Zn) doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) using mint plant leaf extract. The resulting samples were subjected to thorough evaluations of their photocatalytic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. UV–Visible studies revealed distinct band gap energies for pure and doped MgO NPs: 3.94, 1.76, 1.99 and 4.05 eV respectively. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra established the presence of face centered cubic (fcc) nanocrystals with average crystallite sizes ranges from 5.89 to 9.99 nm. The incorporation of dopants, Co, Cu, and Zn into the MgO NPs was verified through energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results indicated modifications in the Mg-O stretching frequency due to the doping process. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations unveiled particle sizes varied from 19 to 30 nm. Photocatalytic activity assessments underscored the enhanced catalytic efficiency of Co and Cu-doped MgO NPs. The Cu doped MgO NPs exhibited superior performance towards gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis and S. aureus) relative to gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) in antibacterial studies. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH assay, revealed scavenging rates of 58–62 %. Overall, these findings suggest that the synthesized NPs hold substantial promise as potential agents for treating wastewater contaminated by dyes, pathogens, and free radicals.
Today, in the 21st century, metal oxide nanoparticles by employing green technologies are being investigated for their potential applications in the field of catalysts, drugs, sensors, optics, ...cosmetics, and semiconductors. In this perspective, herein, an efficient and sustainable Ocimum tenuiflorum green route has been utilized to synthesize and evaluate the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of CuO nanoparticles. The samples of CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by using various concentrations of Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O (5, 10, and 50 mmol kg−1) at 70 °C and pH 11.5. The so-synthesized CuO nanoparticles were first characterized by recording the UV–visible spectra in the range 360–368 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals that the crystallite size of the so-obtained nanoparticles is lying between 8.42 and 9.24 nm. Analysis of the samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the agglomeration of elliptical/spherical/rice shaped particles with size in the range 6–18 nm. The elemental analysis from energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) further confirmed the formation of pure CuO nanoparticles. The results of antibacterial experiments have shown that so-synthesized CuO nanoparticles are good inhibitors for the growth of pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Further, investigations on photocatalytic activity suggest that CuO nanoparticles can be employed as photocatalyst in the degradation process of methyl orange (MO) dye. Up to 96.4 ± 0.83% degradation of MO has been obtained in just 24 min. The photocatalytic degradation reaction is following the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics.
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•A cost effective green Ocimum tenuiflorum method used to obtain CuO nanoparticles.•SEM images conferred the spheroidal, oval, and grain like morphology of nanomaterial.•CuO nano-spheres (6–12 nm size) and nano-rods (4–8/12–44 nm diameter/length) are obtained.•So-obtained CuO nanoparticles are effective in photocatalysis and antibacterial action.•The photocatalytic degradation reaction is following the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics.
In this paper, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) having potent photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities have been synthesized by using the aloe vera plant extract. The ZnO NPs have been synthesized using
(
...Zn
(
CH
3
COO
)
2
·
2
H
2
O
)
(5, 10 and
50
mmol
kg
-
1
), at temperature
70
∘
C
and pH 11.5. The synthesized NPs were examined using UV–Visible, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization techniques. TEM analysis confirms the synthesis of ZnO NPs with hexagonal, spherical, cylindrical and cuboidal shapes decorated under different concentrations of precursor metal salt. UV–Visible studies revealed that ZnO NPs have a wide energy band gap varying from 3.36 to 3.43 eV. The synthesized ZnO NPs were examined for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye which resulted in up to 95% degradation. ZnO NPs are also inspected for the antibacterial activity against
Bacillus subtilis
(MTCC 441),
Staphylococcus aureus
(MTCC 737) and
Escherichia coli
(MTCC 739) pathogenic bacteria.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the treatment of choice for staghorn and large renal stones. The success of PCNL is highly related to optimal renal access. Upper calyceal puncture being more ...difficult and more demanding have relatively few studies presented.
This prospective study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of upper calyceal versus lower calyceal puncture for the removal of complex renal stones through PCNL.
A total of 94 patients underwent PCNL for complex renal stone in our institute. Fifty-one of them underwent lower calyceal, while 43 underwent upper calyceal puncture. The two approaches are compared as per total duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, infundibular/pelvic tear, rate of complete clearance and rate of postoperative complications (pulmonary, bleeding, fever and sepsis, etc.).
In our study, the success rate was 76.47% for those in the lower, 90.70% for those in the upper calyceal access group. Thoracic complications (hydrothorax) occurred to 1 patient in upper calyceal supracostal access group. Bleeding requiring blood transfusion happened to 5 patients in lower calyceal access and 1 in upper calyceal group.
In our study for the management of complex renal calculi, we conclude that in a previously unoperated kidney, upper calyceal puncture through subcostal or supra 12(th) rib is a feasible option minimizing lung/pleural rupture and gives a better clearance rate. We suggest that with due precautions, there should not be any hesitation for upper calyceal puncture in indicated patients.
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•Drug-bile salt-water ternary system has been investigated.•The trends in φv and φκ values indicate the dominance of ion-hydrophilic.•ECT shows stronger solute–solvent ...interactions.•φv and φκ show decrease after CMC region of both the surfactants.
Bile salts are bio-compatible natural amphiphiles having a significant role in pharmaceutical field as a solubility and permeability enhancer and possess a great biological importance for release and transport of nutrients due to dynamic micellization behavior. Hence, to unfold the interactional mystery of drug − bile salt system in the field of anti-retroviral drugs, we have aimed to investigate solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions of bile salts (NaC and NaDC) with anti-HIV drugs (Emtricitabine and Lamivudine) by using various techniques like volumetry, compressibility, and viscometry at temperature range (298.15 K-313.15 K) with a regular variation of 5 K. Experimental density and speed of sound data have been used to evaluate various physicochemical parameters such as apparent molar volume (φv), isentropic compressibility (κs), and apparent molar adiabatic compression (φκ). The CMC values of bile salts in pure water and aqueous solution of ECT and LMV at 298.15 K have also been evaluated from speed of sound data which corroborate well with our earlier conductivity study on these surfactants. The trends of φv, κs and φκ values for both NaC and NaDC with temperature and in presence of drugs (ECT/LMV) indicate strong solute–solvent interactions in studied system. The results are elucidated in terms of electrostatic and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions in bile salt-drug-water system which is confirmed by co-sphere overlap model. Comparatively, NaC offers strong interactions with both drugs due to more hydrophilic character than NaDC. Similarly, out of ECT and LMV, ECT shows strong solute–solvent interactions with both bile salts due to more hydrophilic character than LMV. Relative viscosity parameter (ηr) determined from viscosity measurements further supports above results. This interactional knowledge of bile salts with ECT and LMV would be beneficial to develop a better mechanism in pharmacy for enhancing efficacy and permeability of anti-HIV drugs by using bile salts as a drug delivery agent.
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•Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) exhibit superparamagnetism, high biocompatibility, and vast surface area, promising diverse applications.•IONPs' non-toxicity and unique interactions ...position them as game-changers in biomedicine, revolutionizing treatments.•Versatile, scalable, and eco-friendly, IONPs address environmental challenges, promoting ethical research and sustainability.
Iron oxides, including wustite (FeO), hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and magnetite (Fe3O4), are remarkable nanomaterials. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) at the nanoscale display super-paramagnetic, high surface area, and biocompatibility, making them ideal for diverse applications. Their influence on matter behavior, interaction with light, electricity, magnetism, and non-toxicity in biological systems make them promise in biomedicine. This review covers IONPs' properties, emphasizing biological, chemical, and physical synthesis methods, including doping, coating, and encapsulation. In addition, advancing green synthesis approaches for IONPs are highlighted. We explore their applications in medicine, environmental science, and pollution solutions, emphasizing their merits. Examining various IONPs and synthesis routes, we underscore their role in addressing global challenges. IONPs versatility, scalability, and eco-friendliness position them to transform research and uphold ethical standards. This review unveils the transformative potential of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs), emphasizing their unique attributes—biocompatibility, magnetic responsiveness, and tunable surface functionalities. IONPs are pivotal in targeted drug delivery, imaging, hyperthermia therapy, and biosensing. The comprehensive exploration spans biomedical, agricultural, antioxidant, and photocatalytic applications, showcasing IONPs versatility in advancing innovative solutions across diverse domains. Our collective efforts aim to revolutionize medical treatments, combat environmental issues, and foster a sustainable future while advocating responsible research and ethics.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have become a focal point of research due to their widespread daily use and diverse synthesis methods, including physical, chemical, and environmentally ...sustainable approaches. These nanoparticles possess unique attributes such as size, shape, and surface functionality, making them particularly intriguing for applications in the biomedical field. The continuous exploration of TiO2 NPs is driven by the quest to enhance their multifunctionality, aiming to create next-generation products with superior performance. Recent research efforts have specifically focused on understanding the anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 NPs and evaluating their potential in various domains, including photocatalytic processes, antibacterial properties, antioxidant effects, and nanohybrid applications. The hypothesis guiding this research is that by exploring different synthesis methods, particularly chemical and environmentally friendly approaches, and incorporating doping and co-doping techniques, the properties of TiO2 NPs can be significantly improved for diverse applications. The study employs a comprehensive approach, investigating the effects of nanoparticle size, shape, dose, and exposure time on performance. The synthesis methods considered encompass both conventional chemical processes and environmentally friendly alternatives, with a focus on how doping and co-doping can enhance the properties of TiO2 NPs. The research unveils valuable insights into the distinct phases of TiO2 NPs and their potential across various applications. It sheds light on the improved properties achieved through doping and co-doping, showcasing advancements in photocatalytic processes, antibacterial efficacy, antioxidant capabilities, and nanohybrid applications. The study concludes by emphasizing regulatory aspects and offering suggestions for product enhancement. It provides recommendations for the reliable application of TiO2 NPs, addressing a comprehensive spectrum of critical aspects in TiO2 NP research and application. Overall, this research contributes to the evolving landscape of TiO2 NP utilization, offering valuable insights for the development of innovative and high-performance products.
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•Applications of TiO2 NPs in photocatalysis, antibacterial, antioxidant, and nanohybrid activities.•Environmentally friendly synthesis methods (doping and co-doping).•Influence of size, shape, dose, and exposure time on the synthesized TiO2 NPs.
Management of ureteric stricture especially long length upper one-third poses a challenging job for most urologists. With the successful use of buccal mucosa graft (BMG) for stricture urethra leads ...the foundation for its use in ureteric stricture also. A 35-year-old male diagnosedcase of left upper ureteric stricture, postureteroscopy with left percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) in situ. Cysto-retrograde pyelography and nephrostogram done simultaneously suggestive of left upper ureteric stricture of 3 cm at L3 level. On exploration, diseased ureteral segment exposed, BMG harvested and sutured as onlay patch graft with supportive omental wrap. The treatment choice for upper ureteric long length stricture is inferior nephropexy, autotransplantation, or bowel interposition. With PCN in situ, inferior nephropexy becomes technically difficult, other two are morbid procedures. Use of BMG in this situation is technically better choice with all the advantages of buccal mucosa. Onlay BMG for ureteral stricture is technically easy, less morbid procedure and can be important choice in future.
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