We report direction detection constraints on the presence of hidden photon dark matter with masses between 20-30 μeV c^{-2}, using a cryogenic emitter-receiver-amplifier spectroscopy setup designed ...as the first iteration of QUALIPHIDE (quantum limited photons in the dark experiment). A metallic dish sources conversion photons, from hidden photon kinetic mixing, onto a horn antenna which is coupled to a C band kinetic inductance traveling wave parametric amplifier, providing for near quantum-limited noise performance. We demonstrate a first probing of the kinetic mixing parameter χ to the 10^{-12} level for the majority of hidden photon masses in this region. These results not only represent stringent constraints on new dark matter parameter space, but are also the first demonstrated use of wideband quantum-limited amplification for astroparticle applications.
We provide an update on a gram-scale phonon-mediated KID-based device that was designed for a sub-GeV dark matter search at the Northwestern Experimental Underground Site. Currently, the device is ...demonstrating 6 eV resolution on the energy absorbed by the resonator. With some important assumptions, this translates to 20 eV baseline resolution on energy deposited in the substrate. We show that TLS noise dominates this energy resolution estimate. After modifying the design to mitigate TLS noise, we project 5 eV baseline resolution on energy deposited in the substrate (1.5 eV on energy absorbed by the resonator) for an amplifier-white-noise-dominated device. Finally, we present a clear path forward to sub-eV resolutions, which includes installation of a quantum-limited superconducting parametric amplifier and adjustments to the material makeup of our resonators.
The kinetic inductance effect is strongly nonlinear with applied current in NbTiN, TiN and NbN thin films. This can be utilized to realize novel devices. We present results from transmission lines ...made with these materials, where DC (current) control is used to modulate the phase velocity thereby enabling on-chip spectrometers. Utility of such compact spectrometers is discussed, along with their natural connection with parametric amplifiers.
The nonlinear response associated with the current dependence of the superconducting kinetic inductance was studied in capacitively shunted NbTiN microstrip transmission lines. It was found that the ...inductance per unit length of one microstrip line could be changed by up to 20% by applying a dc current, corresponding to a single-pass time delay of 0.7 ns. To investigate nonlinear dissipation, Bragg reflectors were placed on either end of a section of this type of transmission line, creating resonances over a range of frequencies. From the change in the resonance linewidth and amplitude with dc current, the ratio of the reactive to the dissipative response of the line was found to be 788. The low dissipation makes these transmission lines suitable for a number of applications that are microwave- and millimeter-wave band analogs of nonlinear optical processes. As an example, by applying a millimeter-wave pump tone, very-wide-band parametric amplification was observed between about 3 and 34 GHz. Use as a current variable delay line for an on-chip millimeter-wave Fourier transform spectrometer is also considered.
Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) have become an attractive alternative to traditional bolometers in the sub-mm and mm observing community due to their innate frequency multiplexing capabilities ...and simple lithographic processes. These advantages make KIDs a viable option for the
O
(500,000) detectors needed for the upcoming Cosmic Microwave Background-Stage 4 experiment. We have fabricated an antenna-coupled MKID array in the 150 GHz band optimized for CMB detection. Our design uses a twin-slot antenna coupled to an inverted microstrip made from a superconducting Nb/Al bilayer as the strip, a Nb ground plane and a SiN
x
dielectric layer in between, which is then coupled to an Al KID grown on high-resistivity Si. We present the fabrication process and measurements of SiN
x
microstrip resonators.
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Devices (MKIDs) are poised to allow for massively and natively multiplexed photon detectors arrays and are a natural choice for the next-generation CMB Stage 4 experiment ...which will require
10
5
detectors. In this article, we discuss what noise performance of present generation MKIDs implies for CMB measurements. We consider MKID noise spectra and simulate a telescope scan strategy which projects the detector noise onto the CMB sky. We then analyze the simulated CMB + MKID noise to understand particularly low-frequency noise affects the various features of the CMB, and thusly set up a framework connecting MKID characteristics with scan strategies, to the type of CMB signals we may probe with such detectors.
Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage ...bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme enables the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of
∼
16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G’s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements also show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.
The third-generation South Pole Telescope camera is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background across three frequency bands (centered at 95, 150 and 220 GHz) with
∼
16,000 transition-edge ...sensor (TES) bolometers. Each multichroic array element on a detector wafer has a broadband sinuous antenna that couples power to six TESs, one for each of the three observing bands and both polarizations, via lumped element filters. Ten detector wafers populate the detector array, which is coupled to the sky via a large-aperture optical system. Here we present the frequency band characterization with Fourier transform spectroscopy, measurements of optical time constants, beam properties, and optical and polarization efficiencies of the detector array. The detectors have frequency bands consistent with our simulations and have high average optical efficiency which is 86, 77 and 66% for the 95, 150 and 220 GHz detectors. The time constants of the detectors are mostly between 0.5 and 5 ms. The beam is round with the correct size, and the polarization efficiency is more than 90% for most of the bolometers.
OLIMPO is a proposed Antarctic balloon-borne Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (SZE) imager to study gas dynamics associated with structure formation along with the properties of the warm-hot intergalactic ...medium (WHIM) residing in the connective filaments. During a 25 day flight OLIMPO will image a total of 10 z ∼0.05 galaxy clusters and 8 bridges at 145, 250, 365, and 460 GHz at an angular resolution of 1.0′–3.3′. The maps will be significantly deeper than those planned from CMB-S4 and CCAT-P, and will have excellent fidelity to the large angular scales of our low- z targets, which are difficult to probe from the ground. In combination with X-ray data from eROSITA and XRISM we will transform our current static view of galaxy clusters into a full dynamic picture by measuring the internal intra-cluster medium (ICM) velocity structure with the kinematic SZE, X-ray spectroscopy, and the power spectrum of ICM fluctuations. Radio observations from ASKAP and MeerKAT will be used to better understand the connection between ICM turbulence and shocks with the relativistic plasma. Beyond the cluster boundary, we will combine thermal SZE maps from OLIMPO with X-ray imaging from eROSITA to measure the thermodynamics of the WHIM residing in filaments, providing a better understanding of its properties and its contribution to the total baryon budget.
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