Securing the chemical and physical stabilities of electrode/solid‐electrolyte interfaces is crucial for the use of solid electrolytes in all‐solid‐state batteries. Directly probing these interfaces ...during electrochemical reactions would significantly enrich the mechanistic understanding and inspire potential solutions for their regulation. Herein, the electrochemistry of the lithium/Li7La3Zr2O12‐electrolyte interface is elucidated by probing lithium deposition through the electrolyte in an anode‐free solid‐state battery in real time. Lithium plating is strongly affected by the geometry of the garnet‐type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) surface, where nonuniform/filamentary growth is triggered particularly at morphological defects. More importantly, lithium‐growth behavior significantly changes when the LLZO surface is modified with an artificial interlayer to produce regulated lithium depositions. It is shown that lithium‐growth kinetics critically depend on the nature of the interlayer species, leading to distinct lithium‐deposition morphologies. Subsequently, the dynamic role of the interlayer in battery operation is discussed as a buffer and seed layer for lithium redistribution and precipitation, respectively, in tailoring lithium deposition. These findings broaden the understanding of the electrochemical lithium‐plating process at the solid‐electrolyte/lithium interface, highlight the importance of exploring various interlayers as a new avenue for regulating the lithium‐metal anode, and also offer insight into the nature of lithium growth in anode‐free solid‐state batteries.
The work presented here shows that lithium growth can effectively be tailored by exploiting interlayer chemistry on a solid electrolyte, which can be directly probed by real‐time observation of lithium in an anode‐free solid‐state battery. With these observations, a dynamic role for the interlayer, during battery operation, is proposed: it acts as a buffer layer for lithium redistribution and a matrix for lithium precipitation.
Parents of children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) took part in an online survey that explored their experiences of home‐schooling during the coronavirus pandemic. Two hundred ...and thirty‐eight parents from the UK responded to 49 questions about the resources and support they had received, their management and feelings surrounding home‐schooling. Chi‐square analyses were used to establish whether parents' experiences differed as a result of socio‐economic status (SES) or the nature of their child's SEND. Results indicated that parents were dissatisfied with the resources and support they had received for their child's educational and psychological needs. Parents felt inadequate and unprepared and believed that non‐attendance at school had and would have a detrimental effect on their child's education and mental health. Parents also described the negative impact of home‐schooling on their and their family's well‐being. Finally, SES and SEND‐type were not associated with parents' experiences of home‐schooling.
•During 2020, 176 Americans died from TBI-related injuries each day.•Rates of TBI-related deaths varied by age group, sex, and race and ethnicity.•Suicide and unintentional falls contributed to most ...TBI-related deaths in 2020.
Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects how the brain functions and remains a prominent cause of death in the United States. Although preventable, anyone can experience a TBI and epidemiological research suggests some groups have worse health outcomes following the injury. Methods: We analyzed 2020 multiple-cause-of-death data from the National Vital Statistics System to describe TBI mortality by geography, sociodemographic characteristics, mechanism of injury (MOI), and injury intent. Deaths were included if they listed an injury International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) underlying cause of death code and a TBI-related ICD-10 code in one of the multiple-cause-of-death fields. Results: During 2020, 64,362 TBI-related deaths occurred and age-adjusted rates, per 100,000 population, were highest among persons residing in the South (20.2). Older adults (≥75) displayed the highest number and rate of TBI-related deaths compared with other age groups and unintentional falls and suicide were the leading external causes among this older age group. The age-adjusted rate of TBI-related deaths in males was more than three times the rate of females (28.3 versus 8.4, respectively); further, males displayed higher numbers and age-adjusted rates compared with females for all the principal MOIs that contributed to a TBI-related death. American Indian or Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic (AI/AN) persons had the highest age-adjusted rate (29.0) of TBI-related deaths when compared with other racial and ethnic groups. Suicide was the leading external cause of injury contributing to a TBI-related death among AI/AN persons. Practical application: Prevention efforts targeting older adult falls and suicide are warranted to reduce disparities in TBI mortality among older adults and AI/AN persons. Effective strategies are described in CDC’s Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, & Injuries (STEADI) initiative to reduce older adult falls and CDC’s Preventing Suicide: A Technical Package of Policy, Programs, and Practices for the best available evidence in suicide prevention.
Background
There is a need for an easily accessible method for effective dose estimation in pediatric CT.
Objective
To estimate effective doses for a variety of pediatric neurological and body CT ...examinations in five age groups using recently published age- and region-specific dose length product (DLP) to effective dose conversion coefficients.
Materials and methods
A retrospective review was performed of 1,431 consecutive CT scans over a 12-week period using age- and weight-adjusted CT protocols. Age- and region-specific DLP to effective dose conversion coefficients were applied to console-displayed DLP data.
Results
Effective dose estimates for single-phase head CT scans in neonatal, and 1-, 5-, 10- and 15-year-old age groups were 4.2, 3.6, 2.4, 2.0 and 1.4 mSv, respectively. For abdomen/pelvis CT scans the corresponding effective doses were 13.1, 11.1, 8.4, 8.9 and 5.9 mSv. The range of pediatric CT effective doses is wide, from ultralow dose protocols (<1 mSv) to extended-coverage body examinations (10–15 mSv).
Conclusion
Age- and region-specific pediatric DLP to effective dose conversion coefficients provide an accessible and user-friendly method for estimating pediatric CT effective doses that is available to radiologists working without medical physics support.
Background Parents' stress resulting from hospitalization of their infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) produces emotional and behavioral responses. The National Institutes of ...Health-sponsored Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) offers a valid and efficient means of assessing parents' responses. Objective To examine the relationship of stress to anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption among parents of infants hospitalized in the NICU. Methods Thirty parents completed the Parental Stressor Scale (PSS:NICU) containing subscales for NICU Sights and Sounds, Infant Behavior and Appearance, and Parental Role Alteration, and the PROMIS anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance short-form instruments. Results PSS total score was significantly correlated with anxiety (r = 0.61), depression (r = 0.36), and sleep disturbance (r = 0.60). Scores for NICU Sights and Sounds were not significantly correlated with parents' outcomes; however, scores for Alteration in Parenting Role were correlated with all 4 outcomes, and scores for Infant Appearance were correlated with all except fatigue. Conclusion Stress experienced by parents of NICU infants is associated with a concerning constellation of physical and emotional outcomes comprising anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disruption.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
PURPOSE:To study the relation of infant characteristics and home environment on maternal sleep, depression, and fatigue in late postpartum.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Forty-two healthy mother–infant ...dyads completed a home-based study at infant age 32 weeks. Maternal measures included Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep and wake disturbance, depression, and fatigue scales. Home regularity was assessed using the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS). Infant sleep and regulation were measured respectively by the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) and Infant-Toddler Symptom Checklist (ITSC).
RESULTS:Significant correlations among maternal sleep and wake disturbance, fatigue, and depression were detected (r = .519 to .746, p < .01), but not with infant variables. Home regularity was significantly related with maternal variables (r = .597 to .653, p < .01).
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:Regularity of the home environment appears to contribute to maternal sleep, depression, and fatigue. Implications for intervention include establishment of daily routines and household management to improve regularity and consequently improve maternal outcomes.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important public health problem in the United States. In 2003, there were an estimated 1,565,000 TBIs in the United States: 1,224,000 emergency department visits, ...290,000 hospitalizations, and 51,000 deaths. Findings were similar to those from previous years in which rates of TBI were highest for young children (aged 0-4) and men, and the leading causes of TBI were falls and motor vehicle traffic.
Nicotine and cannabis are two of the most commonly consumed licit and illicit drugs during pregnancy, often consumed together
e-cigarettes. Vaping is assumed to be a safer alternative than ...traditional routes of consumption, yet the potential consequences of prenatal e-cigarette exposure are largely unknown, particularly when these two drugs are co-consumed. In a novel co-exposure model, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received nicotine (36 mg/mL), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (100 mg/mL), the combination, or the vehicle
e-cigarettes daily from gestational days 5-20, mimicking the first and second human trimesters. Maternal blood samples were collected throughout pregnancy to measure drug and metabolite levels, and core body temperatures before and after exposure were also measured. Pregnant dams exposed to combined nicotine and THC had lower plasma nicotine and cotinine levels than those exposed to nicotine alone; similarly, the combined exposure group also had lower plasma THC and THC metabolite (THC-OH and THC-COOH) levels than those exposed to THC alone. Prenatal nicotine exposure gradually decreased initial core body temperatures each day, with chronic exposure, whereas exposure to THC decreased temperatures during the individual sessions. Despite these physiological effects, no changes were observed in food or water intake, weight gain, or basic litter outcomes. The use of this model can help elucidate the effects of co-exposure to THC and nicotine
e-cigarettes on both users and their offspring. Understanding the effects of co-use during pregnancy is critical for improving education for pregnant mothers about prenatal e-cigarette use and has important implications for public policy.
Abstract
Purpose
Adherence to self-administered biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) is necessary for therapeutic benefit. Health-system specialty pharmacies (HSSPs) have reported ...high adherence rates across several disease states; however, adherence outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) populations have not yet been established.
Methods
We performed a multisite retrospective cohort study including patients with RA and 3 or more documented dispenses of bDMARDs from January through December 2018. Pharmacy claims were used to calculate proportion of days covered (PDC). Electronic health records of patients with a PDC of <0.8 were reviewed to identify reasons for gaps in pharmacy claims (true nonadherence or appropriate treatment holds). Outcomes included median PDC across sites, reasons for treatment gaps in patients with a PDC of <0.8, and the impact of adjusting PDC when accounting for appropriate therapy gaps.
Results
There were 29,994 prescriptions for 3,530 patients across 20 sites. The patient cohort was mostly female (75%), with a median age of 55 years (interquartile range IQR, 42-63 years). The median PDC prior to chart review was 0.94 (IQR, 0.83-0.99). Upon review, 327 patients had no appropriate treatment gaps identified, 6 patients were excluded due to multiple unquantifiable appropriate gaps, and 420 patients had an adjustment in the PDC denominator due to appropriate treatment gaps (43 instances of days’ supply adjusted based on discordant days’ supply information between prescriptions and physician administration instructions, 11 instances of missing fills added, and 421 instances of clinically appropriate treatment gaps). The final median PDC after accounting for appropriate gaps in therapy was 0.95 (IQR, 0.87-0.99).
Conclusion
This large, multisite retrospective cohort study was the first to demonstrate adherence rates across several HSSPs and provided novel insights into rates and reasons for appropriate gaps in therapy.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Nest boxes are used to manage populations of tree-cavity dependent birds and mammals. Concerns have been raised that due to their poor insulative properties nest boxes may cause heat stress and ...occasionally death during summers of extreme maximum temperatures. Our study investigated whether this nest box heat stress hypothesis applies to two small cavity-dependent mammals (brush-tailed phascogales and sugar gliders). Focusing on days when ambient temperature reached ≥40 °C, we recorded: i) temperatures within occupied nest boxes, ii) temperatures within nearby unoccupied tree cavities, iii) the duration of temperatures of ≥40 °C within nest boxes, iv) whether direct mortality was observed, and v) the relative abundance of these species in nest boxes before and after a very hot summer. When ambient temperature reached ≥40 °C, nest boxes were equivalent to ambient or 1–2 °C cooler, whereas tree cavities were 3–7 °C cooler than ambient. Exposure in nest boxes to temperatures of ≥40 °C lasted an average of 2–8 h. We observed no mortality over 65 records of phascogales and 31 records of gliders in nest boxes on days when ambient reached ≥40 °C. No decline in abundance was recorded after a summer with 11 days of temperatures ≥40 °C, with each species subsequently occupying >40 nest boxes. Our observations suggest these species are tolerant of the high temperatures that occurred. Nonetheless, provision of nest boxes designed to minimise summer heating is recommended.
•Nest boxes have poor insulative properties, potentially causing heat stress in summer.•Temperatures within nest boxes were similar to ambient at 40–45 °C.•Unoccupied tree cavities were 3–7 °C cooler when ambient temperatures were 40–45 °C.•No mortality was observed in arboreal mammals after nest boxes reached 40–45 °C.•No decline in abundance was evident after a summer with 11 days ≥ 40 °C.
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