Professors rely upon expertise. As management scholars and teachers, we need to know our stuff. Our relationship with expertise, however, is tricky. Observers have expressed frustration with our ...field's epistemological perspective and wondered why existing ways of knowing and teaching are so resistant to change. One plausible explanation is that how we enact expertise in management studies makes sense-literally. That is, prevailing forms of expert behavior help professors construct and protect sensical understandings of self in relation to others. Drawing on constructive-developmental theory, I treat scholarship and teaching as meaning-making activities. Subject–object fusion in the context of the professor–expertise relationship means that many of us do not so much have our expertise as we are our expertise. This essay explores how meaning-making structures interact with the demands of academia to sustain disciplinary commitments to traditional ways of knowing and teaching. We are limited by commitments to expertise we have ourselves enacted. Many professors feel stuck; this essay outlines a path toward getting unstuck. I explain how a distinct double-loop learning methodology designed to promote subject–object separation can enhance our capacity to make meaning in more expansive ways, such that we have our expertise without it having us.
This study introduces Flock Leadership, a framework for understanding and influencing emergent collective behavior in the context of human organizing. Collective capacities emerge when interactions ...between individuals enact divergent and convergent ways of perceiving and responding to reality. An agent-based flocking model is employed to represent these interactive dynamics and emergent processes. This study explicates the model's constructs, translating its algorithms into behavioral norms at the individual level and its outcomes into collective behaviors at the group level. Phenomena-based simulation modeling links two collective states—technical capacity and adaptive capacity—to the specific underlying norm configurations from which they emerge. Flock Leadership provides a unique theoretical framing of emergent collective behavior in organizational settings, a new methodology for analyzing relationships between those emergent behavioral patterns and the interaction norms underlying them, and a useful means for identifying leadership opportunities.
Abstract
Erzgebirge ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) garnet peridotite includes scarce layers of garnet pyroxenite, nodules of garnetite and, very rarely, of eclogite. Peridotite‐hosted eclogite shows the ...same subalkali‐basaltic bulk rock composition, mineral assemblage and peak conditions as gneiss‐hosted eclogite present in the same UHP unit. Garnetite has considerably more Mg, moderately enhanced Ca and Fe and significantly lower contents of Na, Ti, P, K and Si than eclogite, whereas Al is very similar. In addition, the compatible trace elements (Ni, Co, Cr, V) are elevated and most incompatible elements (Zr, Hf, Y, Sr, Rb and rare Earth elements REE) are depleted in garnetite relative to eclogite. In contrast to other large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), Pb (+121%) and Ba (+83%) are strongly enriched. The REE patterns of garnetite are characterized by depletion of light and heavy REE and a medium REE hump indicative of metasomatism, features being absent in eclogite. An exceptional garnetite sample shows an REE distribution similar to that of eclogite. Garnetite is interpreted to have formed from the same, but metasomatically altered, igneous protolith as eclogite. Except for Ba and Pb, the chemical signature of garnetite is explained best by metasomatic changes of its basaltic protolith caused by serpentinization of the host peridotite. Garnetite is chemically similar to basaltic rodingite/metarodingite. Although rodingite is commonly more enriched in Ca, there are also examples with moderately enhanced Ca matching the composition of Erzgebirge garnetite. Limited Ca metasomatism is attributed to the preservation of Ca in peridotite during hydrous alteration. This can be explained by incomplete serpentinization favouring metastable survival of the original clinopyroxene. In this case, most Ca is retained in peridotite and not available for infiltration and metasomatism of the garnetite protolith. This inescapable consequence is supported by the fact that clinopyroxene is part of the garnet peridotite UHP assemblage, which would not be the case if Ca had been removed from the protolith prior to high‐pressure metamorphism. The enrichment of compatible elements in garnetite is attributed to decomposition of peridotitic olivine (Ni, Co) and spinel (Cr, V) during serpentinization. Enrichment of Ba and Pb contrasts the behaviour of other LILEs and is ascribed to dehydration of the serpentinized peridotite (deserpentinization). This requires two separate stages of metasomatism: (1) intense chemical alteration of the basaltic garnetite precursor, together with serpentinization of peridotite at the ocean floor or during incipient subduction; and (2) prograde metamorphism and dehydration of serpentinite during continued subduction, thereby releasing Pb–Ba‐rich fluids that reacted with associated metabasalt. Finally, subduction to >100 km and UHP metamorphism of all lithologies led to formation of garnetite, eclogite and garnet pyroxenite hosted by co‐facial garnet peridotite as observed in the Erzgebirge.
Summary
This study describes the use of a simple charcoal product (DOAC‐RemoveTM) to allow haemostasis assays on patients taking direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). In the proposed algorithm, patients ...taking DOAC are screened using the dilute thrombin time (dTT) and anti‐Xa assay. If either are positive then DOAC‐Remove is utilised. In a validation, DOAC‐Remove did not interfere with coagulation testing in normal plasma or in patients on DOAC with a known lupus anticoagulant (LA). Of 1566 routine patient samples tested, 125 (8%) had evidence of anti‐Xa activity (>0·1 iu/ml) or prolonged dTT suggestive of either a direct/indirect Xa inhibitor or direct thrombin inhibitor. All of these 125 patients had a prolonged dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT) screening test and 106 had a LA detected by dRVVT after phospholipid correction. After DOAC‐Remove, 91 patients (73%) had a negative dRVVT screen. After further investigation only 9 (7%) had a positive LA. DOAC‐Remove prevented 5% of patients having a LA inappropriately detected. DOAC did not significantly affect the LA activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ratio, protein S antigen or protein C activity. DOAC cause low intrinsic factor assays, high prothrombin time/aPTT and high activated protein C sensitivity ratio, which DOAC‐Remove reversed (P < 0·05). Despite recommendations, haemostasis testing for patients on DOAC continues; this algorithm aids diagnostic accuracy. Further validation and research are warranted.
Bleeding of unknown cause (BUC), also known as unclassified bleeding disorders (UBD), has been defined as a clear bleeding tendency in the presence of normal haemostatic tests. There are challenges ...in the diagnosis and management of these patients. BUC/UBD encompasses a heterogenous group of disorders which may include undiagnosed rare monogenic diseases, polygenic reasons for bleeding; and patients without a clear bleeding disorder but with a previous bleeding event. Nevertheless, these patients may have heavy menstrual bleeding or be at risk of bleeding when undergoing surgical procedures, or childbirth; optimizing haemostasis and establishing a mode of inheritance is important to minimize morbidity. The bleeding score has been used to clinically assess and describe these patients, but its value remains uncertain. In addition, accurate distinction between normal and pathological bleeding remains difficult. Several studies have investigated cohorts of these patients using research haemostasis tests, including thrombin generation and fibrinolytic assays, yet no clear characteristics have consistently emerged. Thus far, detailed genetic analysis of these patients has not been fruitful in unravelling the cause of bleeding. There is a need for standardization of diagnosis and management guidelines for these patients. This review gives an overview of this field with some suggestions for future research.
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