Accumulating evidence supports an effect of aspirin in reducing overall cancer incidence and mortality in the general population. We reviewed current data and assessed the benefits and harms of ...prophylactic use of aspirin in the general population.
The effect of aspirin for site-specific cancer incidence and mortality, cardiovascular events was collated from the most recent systematic reviews. Studies identified through systematic Medline search provided data regarding harmful effects of aspirin and baseline rates of harms like gastrointestinal bleeding and peptic ulcer.
The effects of aspirin on cancer are not apparent until at least 3 years after the start of use, and some benefits are sustained for several years after cessation in long-term users. No differences between low and standard doses of aspirin are observed, but there were no direct comparisons. Higher doses do not appear to confer additional benefit but increase toxicities. Excess bleeding is the most important harm associated with aspirin use, and its risk and fatality rate increases with age. For average-risk individuals aged 50–65 years taking aspirin for 10 years, there would be a relative reduction of between 7% (women) and 9% (men) in the number of cancer, myocardial infarction or stroke events over a 15-year period and an overall 4% relative reduction in all deaths over a 20-year period.
Prophylactic aspirin use for a minimum of 5 years at doses between 75 and 325mg/day appears to have favourable benefit–harm profile; longer use is likely to have greater benefits. Further research is needed to determine the optimum dose and duration of use, to identify individuals at increased risk of bleeding, and to test effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening–eradication before starting aspirin prophylaxis.
Recently lots of efforts have been taken to develop superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for biomedical applications. So it is utmost necessary to have in depth knowledge of the ...toxicity occurred by this material. This article is designed in such way that it covers all the associated toxicity issues of SPIONs. It mainly emphasis on toxicity occurred at different levels including cellular alterations in the form of damage to nucleic acids due to oxidative stress and altered cellular response. In addition focus is been devoted for in vitro and in vivo toxicity of SPIONs, so that a better therapeutics can be designed. At the end the time dependent nature of toxicity and its ultimate faith inside the body is being discussed.
•The review mainly concerns with the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of SPIONs.•Discusses different mechanism of toxicity of SPIONs.•It also covers time dependent nature of toxicity due to SPIONs and their ultimate fate after exposure to human body.
Localized heat generation from manganese iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) conjugated with chemotherapeutics under the exposure of an alternating magnetic field (magneto-chemotherapy) can ...revolutionize targeted breast cancer therapy. On the other hand, the lack of precise control of local temperature and adequate MIONP distribution in laboratory settings using the conventional two-dimensional (2D) cellular models has limited its further translation in tumor sites. Our current study explored advanced 3D
in vitro
tumor models as a promising alternative to replicate the complete range of tumor characteristics. Specifically, we have focused on investigating the effectiveness of MIONP-based magneto-chemotherapy (MCT) as an anticancer treatment in a 3D breast cancer model. To achieve this, chitosan-coated MIONPs (CS-MIONPs) are synthesized and functionalized with an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) and a tumor-targeting aptamer (AS1411). CS-MIONPs with a crystallite size of 16.88 nm and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 181.48 W g
−1
are reported.
In vitro
assessment of MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D cell cultures demonstrated anticancer activity. In the 2D and 3D cancer models, the MIONP-mediated MCT reduced cancer cell viability to about 71.48% and 92.2%, respectively. On the other hand, MIONP-mediated MCT under an AC magnetic field diminished spheroids' viability to 83.76 ± 2%, being the most promising therapeutic modality against breast cancer.
Dual magneto-chemotherapeutic effects on a 3D breast cancer model after 10, 20 and 30 min of treatment.
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) cancer therapy frequently face trade off between a high magnetization ...saturation and their good colloidal stability, high specific absorption rate (SAR), and most importantly biological compatibility. This necessitates the development of new nanomaterials, as MFH and MRI are considered to be one of the most promising combined noninvasive treatments. In the present study, we investigated polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized La1–x Sr x MnO3 (LSMO) SPMNPs for efficient cancer hyperthermia therapy and MRI application. The superparamagnetic nanomaterial revealed excellent colloidal stability and biocompatibility. A high SAR of 390 W/g was observed due to higher colloidal stability leading to an increased Brownian and Neel’s spin relaxation. Cell viability of PEG capped nanoparticles is up to 80% on different cell lines tested rigorously using different methods. PEG coating provided excellent hemocompatibility to human red blood cells as PEG functionalized SPMNPs reduced hemolysis efficiently compared to its uncoated counterpart. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia of SPMNPs resulted in cancer cell death up to 80%. Additionally, improved MRI characteristics were also observed for the PEG capped La1–x Sr x MnO3 formulation in aqueous medium compared to the bare LSMO. Taken together, PEG capped SPMNPs can be useful for diagnosis, efficient magnetic fluid hyperthermia, and multimodal cancer treatment as the amphiphilicity of PEG can easily be utilized to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs.
•A systematic review on how new-generation nanomedicine enables the navigation of nanocarriers in a tumor.•Hybrid nanoplatforms improving chemotherapeutic drug delivery to a targeted site are ...discussed.•Hybrid nanoplatforms release chemotherapeutic drugs in response to internal and external triggers or stimuli to induce effective therapeutics.•Hybrid nanoplatforms further enhance the translational potential of nanomedicine in preclinical studies.•Hybrid nanoplatforms enable real-time monitoring of drug release in the tumor.
To date, various chemically synthesized and biosynthesized nanoparticles, or hybrid nanosystems and/or nanoplatforms, have been developed under the umbrella of nanomedicine. These can be introduced into the body orally, nasally, intratumorally or intravenously. Successfully translating hybrid nanoplatforms from preclinical proof-of-concept to therapeutic value in the clinic is challenging. Having made significant advances with drug delivery technologies, we must learn from other areas of oncology drug development, where patient stratification and target-driven design have improved patient outcomes. This review aims to identify gaps in our understanding of the current strengths of nanomedicine platforms in drug delivery and cancer theranostics. We report on the current approaches of nanomedicine at preclinical and clinical stages.
Nanoparticle-based cancer diagnosis-therapy integrative systems (cancer theranostics) represent an emerging approach in oncology. To address this issue in the present work iron oxide ...(γ-Fe2O3-maghemite) nanoparticles (IONPs) were encapsulated within the matrix of (bis(p-sulfonatophenyl)phenylphosphine)-methoxypolyethylene glycol-thiol (mPEG) polymer vesicles using a two-step process for active chemotherapeutic cargo loading in cancer theranostics. This formation method gives simple access to highly reactive surface groups present on IONPs together with good control over the vesicle size (50-100 nm). The simultaneous loading of a chemotherapeutic drug cargo (doxorubicin) and its in vitro release in cancer cells was achieved. The feasibility of controlled drug release under different pH conditions was demonstrated in the case of encapsulated doxorubicin molecules, showing the viability of the concept of stimulated drug delivery for magneto-chemotherapy. These polymer-magnetic nanocargoes (PMNCs) exhibit enhanced contrast properties that open potential applications for magnetic resonance imaging. These self-assembled magnetic polymersomes can be used as efficient multifunctional nanocarriers for combined therapy and imaging.
We present MeerKAT neutral hydrogen (H
I
) observations of the Fornax A group, which is likely falling into the Fornax cluster for the first time. Our H
I
image is sensitive to 1.4 × 10
19
atoms cm
...−2
over 44.1 km s
−1
, where we detect H
I
in 10 galaxies and a total of (1.12 ± 0.02) × 10
9
M
⊙
of H
I
in the intra-group medium (IGM). We search for signs of pre-processing in the 12 group galaxies with confirmed optical redshifts that reside within the sensitivity limit of our H
I
image. There are 9 galaxies that show evidence of pre-processing and we classify each galaxy into their respective pre-processing category, according to their H
I
morphology and gas (atomic and molecular) scaling relations. Galaxies that have not yet experienced pre-processing have extended H
I
discs and a high H
I
content with a H
2
-to-H
I
ratio that is an order of magnitude lower than the median for their stellar mass. Galaxies that are currently being pre-processed display H
I
tails, truncated H
I
discs with typical gas fractions, and H
2
-to-H
I
ratios. Galaxies in the advanced stages of pre-processing are the most H
I
deficient. If there is any H
I
, they have lost their outer H
I
disc and efficiently converted their H
I
to H
2
, resulting in H
2
-to-H
I
ratios that are an order of magnitude higher than the median for their stellar mass. The central, massive galaxy in our group (NGC 1316) underwent a 10:1 merger ∼2 Gyr ago and ejected 6.6−11.2 × 10
8
M
⊙
of H
I
, which we detect as clouds and streams in the IGM, some of which form coherent structures up to ∼220 kpc in length. We also detect giant (∼100 kpc) ionised hydrogen (H
α
) filaments in the IGM, likely from cool gas being removed (and subsequently ionised) from an in-falling satellite. The H
α
filaments are situated within the hot halo of NGC 1316 and there are localised regions that contain H
I
. We speculate that the H
α
and multiphase gas is supported by magnetic pressure (possibly assisted by the NGC 1316 AGN), such that the hot gas can condense and form H
I
that survives in the hot halo for cosmological timescales.
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•Nanomedicines chemotherapeutic cargo to overcome chemoresistance in cancer cells.•A pH-responsive, intracellular theranostic cargo delivery.•Conjugating anticancer drug, enzyme and ...anticancer aptamer in nanocargos.
Cancer cells become resistant over the period to chemotherapeutic drugs and pose a challenging impediment for oncologists in providing effective treatment. Nanomedicine allows to overcome chemoresistance and is the focus of our investigation. Silica nanostructures have been highlighted as an interesting drug delivery platform in vitro and in vivo applications. Here we show the validity of nanomedicine approach for targeted chemotherapeutic cargo delivery to overcome chemoresistance in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. For demonstrating the concept, we functionalised ∼100 nm long porous silica nanoparticles (∼20 nm diameter ordered pore structure) by conjugating anticancer drug, cytochrome c enzyme and dual-function anticancer aptamer AS1411 in single supra-assembled nanocargos. The supra-assembly on the porous silica nanostructure allows for a high loading of catalytic enzyme cytochrome c, anticancer drug and aptamer. The silica supra-assembly is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Conjugation of cargoes has been monitored at each step by UV–vis and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Finally, the constructed supra-assembled nanocarrier tested on chemoresistance colon cancer (HCT116) cells. A pH-responsive, intracellular theranostic cargo delivery has been achieved and the triple action of the nanocargo made an efficient killing of drug resistance colon cancer cells in vitro (∼ 92% cell death) through triplex therapy effects by supressing the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) level. Furthermore, in vivo animal toxicity studies demonstrated, the supra-assembled nanocargos have encouraging safety index to be used in cancer therapy and drug delivery applications.
We report a significant spectral drift (up to 110 nm) between optical scattering and extinction in magnetite-gold (Fe3O4-Au) core–shell nanostructures. The drift was observed experimentally using ...single-particle broadband dark-field scattering microspectroscopy and solution extinction experiments. Infrared thermography demonstrates an enhanced photothermal activity of these nanoparticles at extinction wavelengths that are far drifted from the wavelengths that produce the best results for imaging via scattering. For example, a relatively smooth gold shell leads to 19% more photothermal activity at 532 nm compared to 690 nm whereas a rough-texture, popcorn type morphology gold shell with three times higher drift, is 170% more efficient at 532 nm. We suggest that the enhanced photothermal response results directly from a reduced competition between absorption and scattering as a consequence of the spectral drift. This spectral drift can be advantageous in multimodal theranostics where therapy and imaging are performed independently at different wavelengths.
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