The Generic Mapping Tools Version 6 Wessel, P.; Luis, J. F.; Uieda, L. ...
Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems : G3,
November 2019, 2019-11-00, 20191101, Letnik:
20, Številka:
11
Journal Article
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The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software is ubiquitous in the Earth and ocean sciences. As a cross‐platform tool producing high‐quality maps and figures, it is used by tens of thousands of scientists ...around the world. The basic syntax of GMT scripts has evolved very slowly since the 1990s, despite the fact that GMT is generally perceived to have a steep learning curve with many pitfalls for beginners and experienced users alike. Reducing these pitfalls means changing the interface, which would break compatibility with thousands of existing scripts. With the latest GMT version 6, we solve this conundrum by introducing a new “modern mode” to complement the interface used in previous versions, which GMT 6 now calls “classic mode.” GMT 6 defaults to classic mode and thus is a recommended upgrade for all GMT 5 users. Nonetheless, new users should take advantage of modern mode to make shorter scripts, quickly access commonly used global data sets, and take full advantage of the new tools to draw subplots, place insets, and create animations.
Plain Language Summary
The Generic Mapping Tools software is widely used in Earth and ocean sciences to process data and make maps and illustrations. This new version simplifies usage, adds quick access to key data sets, and provides a tool for making scientific animations.
Key Points
A new version of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is released
A new modern mode, complementing the existing classic mode, greatly simplifies GMT scripting
Easy access to remote data sets and advanced animation building facilitate science communication
This Letter provides evidence for intrinsic longitudinal spin Seebeck effects (LSSEs) that are free from the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) caused by an extrinsic proximity effect. We report the ...observation of LSSEs in Au/Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) (YIG) and Pt/Cu/YIG systems, showing that the LSSE appears even when the mechanism of the proximity ANE is clearly removed. In the conventional Pt/YIG structure, furthermore, we separate the LSSE from the ANE by comparing the voltages in different magnetization and temperature-gradient configurations; the ANE contamination was found to be negligibly small even in the Pt/YIG structure.
Buruli ulcer is a noncontagious disabling cutaneous and subcutaneous mycobacteriosis reported by 33 countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America. The causative agent,
, derives from
by ...genomic reduction and acquisition of a plasmid-borne, nonribosomal cytotoxin mycolactone, the major virulence factor.
-specific sequences have been readily detected in aquatic environments in food chains involving small mammals. Skin contamination combined with any type of puncture, including insect bites, is the most plausible route of transmission, and skin temperature of <30°C significantly correlates with the topography of lesions. After 30 years of emergence and increasing prevalence between 1970 and 2010, mainly in Africa, factors related to ongoing decreasing prevalence in the same countries remain unexplained. Rapid diagnosis, including laboratory confirmation at the point of care, is mandatory in order to reduce delays in effective treatment. Parenteral and potentially toxic streptomycin-rifampin is to be replaced by oral clarithromycin or fluoroquinolone combined with rifampin. In the absence of proven effective primary prevention, avoiding skin contamination by means of clothing can be implemented in areas of endemicity. Buruli ulcer is a prototype of ecosystem pathology, illustrating the impact of human activities on the environment as a source for emerging tropical infectious diseases.
•Active method by external magnetic field is proposed to improve solar pond stability.•Improvement of heat storage capacity and stability is analyzed quantitatively.•Magnetic field effectively ...represses interface erosion in solar pond.•Nondimensionalized magnetic field effect on solar pond performance is discussed.
A solar pond is a simple and reliable system that collects and stores solar energy for applications with low-grade heat supply. The main obstacle to the long-term stable operation of a solar pond is interface erosion induced by double-diffusive convection. In this study, an active method of using an external magnetic field is proposed to repress the intense convection region and improve its corresponding operating stability. A two-dimensional transient model is developed and solved using the lattice Boltzmann method with multiple-relaxation-time collisions. The double-diffusive convection, variation of solar energy absorption to depth, and changes in solution electrical conductivity are considered in the model. The fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer characteristics were investigated under continuous high illumination with or without an external magnetic field. When magnetic control is exerted on a solar pond, the decrease in the nonconvective zone thickness caused by interface erosion changes from 14.75% to 0. The state of the solar pond is transformed from a thermally unstable state to a theoretically stable state after 35 h of continuous high illumination. Further, the external magnetic field can delay concentration homogenization and improve the heat storage performance of a lower convective zone. A Hartmann number above 56.67 is recommended to enhance the stability of the solar pond. This research sheds new light on methods to improve the long-term stability of solar ponds.
The sound absorption performance of a continuously graded phononic crystal (CGPC) is presented in this study. The specific acoustic resistance has a major influence on the specific acoustic ...impedance, which can be optimized to obtain a high sound absorption coefficient. From the perspective of impedance match and energy conservation, a modified characteristic specific acoustic impedance is defined to reflect the local impedance of the CGPC. Based on the modified characteristic specific acoustic impedance, the improvement in the sound absorption performance of the CGPC is analyzed by comparing it with that of a uniform phononic crystal (UPC). The analysis results demonstrate that the improved sound absorption performance of the CGPC results from the decreased primary reflected energy associated with the increased absorbed energy in the CGPC. In addition, the sound insulation performance of the CGPC is experimentally investigated and discussed. The minimum difference in the transmission losses between a CGPC and a UPC is observed to be approximately 4 dB. This superior sound insulation performance of the CGPC is attributed to the increase in the primary reflected energy and the dissipated energy in the CGPC despite the slight decrease in the secondary reflected energy.
•NZO films with different Na contents were grown on quartz glass using sol–gel method.•An increase in crystallinity of NZO film was observed with the increasing Na content.•The violet emission ...centered at 424nm appeared in the PL spectra of 30at.% NZO.•Low Na doping concentration contributed to the enhancement of INBE/IDLE.
In this paper, Na-doped ZnO (NZO) thin films with doping contents of 3–30at.% were synthesized on quartz glass substrates by sol–gel spin coating method. The structure, morphology, optical transmittance and photoluminescence properties of NZO films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), UV–VIS spectrometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer, respectively. The results showed that all the NZO thin films exhibit a strong preferential c-axis orientation with a hexagonal polycrystalline structure. An apparent increase in crystallinity was observed with the increasing Na content. The surface of the heavily Na doped samples (30at.%) exhibits nanorods morphology. The RMS roughness changed from 16.219nm to 53.072nm with the increase of Na concentrations. As Na doping content increases to 24at.%, the average transmittance was still larger than 62% in the visible range. The optical band gap initially increased and then decreased nearly linearly with the increase of Na content. The refractive index of NZO films in the visible range was found to increase gradually with increasing Na dopants. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed sharp ultraviolet emissions centered at 388nm and broad green–yellow emissions (450–650nm). The violet emission centered at 424nm appeared in the spectra of 30at.% NZO. In addition, it was found that the low Na doping concentration contributed to the enhancement of INBE/IDLE.
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on antioxidant capacity and immune function in oxidative-stressed breeder roosters. One hundred twenty 45-week-old Lveyang ...black-boned breeder roosters were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments, including negative control group (NC), positive control group (PC), and 3 trial groups, which were fed the diets containing 300 mg/kg VC, 200 mg/kg VE, or 300 mg/kg VC and 200 mg/kg VE (VC+VE). At 47 wk of age, the positive control and trial groups were subcutaneously injected 3 times every other d with dexamethasone (DEX) 4 mg/kg of body weight, the negative control group was injected with saline. The experiment lasted for 35 d. The results showed that at 50 wk of age, average daily feed intake of birds challenged with DEX significantly increased (P < 0.05). During post-stress recovery period (52 wk of age), dietary supplemental VE or VC+VE notably increased body weight under oxidative stress (P < 0.01). Oxidative stress induced by DEX could significantly decrease superoxide dismutase (SOD), IgM, antibody titer of ND and mRNA expression of SOD or glutathion peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), increase serous malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Supplementation of VC or VE significantly decreased serous MDA, and increased SOD under oxidative stress (P < 0.05). Supplementation of VC or VE, or their combination significantly increased the relative expression of GSH-Px mRNA when compared to the oxidative-stressed control treatment (P < 0.05), whereas did not alleviate the relative expression of SOD mRNA (P > 0.05). Therefore, the results suggest that addition of 300 mg/kg VC, 200 mg/kg VE or their combination could improve antioxidant ability and immune performance in oxidative-stressed breeder roosters through up-regulating the expression of GSH-Px gene.
A simple, reproducible and efficient reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets. A ...column having 200 x 4.6 mm i.d. in isocratic mode with mobile phase containing methanol:acetonitrile:water:isopropylalcohol (22:18:68:2; adjusted to pH 8.0 using triethylamine; v/v) was used. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and effluent was monitored at 270 nm. The retention time (min) and linearity range (mug/ml) for valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide were (3.42, 8.43) and (5-150, 78-234), respectively. The developed method was found to be accurate, precise and selective for simultaneous determination of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets.
•Complete phosphate removal achieved at influent Mg/Ca molar ratio of 3.8.•Mg/Ca molar ratios influence phosphate removal.•Mg/Ca molar ratios have significant impact on the EPS of biomass.•A higher ...Mg/Ca molar ratio could induce deterioration of anaerobic-anoxic EBPR.
In this study, the effect of three Mg/Ca molar ratios (5.0, 3.8 and 1.7) on denitrifying phosphate removal performance, biomass morphology, and Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) were examined. Results showed that when the influent Mg/Ca molar ratio was 3.8, the anaerobic-anoxic EBPR performed complete phosphate removal. The microbial bacterial population was a mixed culture comprised of 81±3% DPAO and 13±2% denitrifying glycogen accumulating organisms (DGAO). A higher influent Mg/Ca molar ratio (5.0) had a distinct impact on phosphate removal, biomass morphology, and EPS. This probably induced the deterioration of the anaerobic-anoxic Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR). The results of this study may inform the proper operation of an anaerobic-anoxic EBPR, and contribute to its application in the real world.
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