The cosmopolitan plant genus
Clematis
contains many climbing species that can be found worldwide. The genus occurs in the wild and is grown commercially for horticulture. Microfungi on
Clematis
were ...collected from Belgium, China, Italy, Thailand and the UK. They are characterized by morphology and analyses of gene sequence data using an integrated species concept to validate identifications. The study revealed two new families, 12 new genera, 50 new species, 26 new host records with one dimorphic character report, and ten species are transferred to other genera. The new families revealed by multigene phylogeny are Longiostiolaceae and Pseudomassarinaceae in Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes). New genera are
Anthodidymella
(Didymellaceae),
Anthosulcatispora
and
Parasulcatispora
(Sulcatisporaceae),
Fusiformispora
(Amniculicolaceae),
Longispora
(Phaeosphaeriaceae),
Neobyssosphaeria
(Melanommataceae),
Neoleptosporella
(
Chaetosphaeriales
, genera
incertae sedis)
,
Neostictis
(Stictidaceae),
Pseudohelminthosporium
(Neomassarinaceae),
Pseudomassarina
(Pseudomassarinaceae),
Sclerenchymomyces
(Leptosphaeriaceae) and
Xenoplectosphaerella
(Plectosphaerellaceae). The newly described species are
Alloleptosphaeria clematidis
,
Anthodidymella ranunculacearum
,
Anthosulcatispora subglobosa
,
Aquadictyospora clematidis
,
Brunneofusispora clematidis
,
Chaetosphaeronema clematidicola
,
C. clematidis
,
Chromolaenicola clematidis
,
Diaporthe clematidina
,
Dictyocheirospora clematidis
,
Distoseptispora clematidis
,
Floricola clematidis
,
Fusiformispora clematidis
,
Hermatomyces clematidis
,
Leptospora clematidis
,
Longispora clematidis
,
Massariosphaeria clematidis
,
Melomastia clematidis
,
M. fulvicomae
,
Neobyssosphaeria clematidis
,
Neoleptosporella clematidis
,
Neoroussoella clematidis
,
N. fulvicomae
,
Neostictis nigricans, Neovaginatispora clematidis
,
Parasulcatispora clematidis
,
Parathyridaria clematidis, P. serratifoliae
,
P. virginianae
,
Periconia verrucose
,
Phomatospora uniseriata
,
Pleopunctum clematidis
,
Pseudocapulatispora clematidis
,
Pseudocoleophoma clematidis
,
Pseudohelminthosporium clematidis
,
Pseudolophiostoma chiangraiense
,
P. clematidis
,
Pseudomassarina clematidis
,
Ramusculicola clematidis
,
Sarocladium clematidis
,
Sclerenchymomyces clematidis
,
Sigarispora clematidicola
,
S. clematidis
,
S. montanae
,
Sordaria clematidis
,
Stemphylium clematidis
,
Wojnowiciella clematidis
,
Xenodidymella clematidis
,
Xenomassariosphaeria clematidis
and
Xenoplectosphaerella clematidis.
The following fungi are recorded on
Clematis
species for the first time:
Angustimassarina rosarum
,
Dendryphion europaeum
,
Dermatiopleospora mariae
,
Diaporthe ravennica
,
D. rudis
,
Dichotomopilus ramosissimum
,
Dictyocheirospora xishuangbannaensis
,
Didymosphaeria rubi
-
ulmifolii
,
Fitzroyomyces cyperacearum
,
Fusarium celtidicola
,
Leptospora thailandica
,
Memnoniella oblongispora
,
Neodidymelliopsis longicolla
,
Neoeutypella baoshanensis
,
Neoroussoella heveae
,
Nigrograna chromolaenae
,
N. obliqua
,
Pestalotiopsis verruculosa
,
Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense
,
Pseudoophiobolus rosae
,
Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae
,
P. elaeicola
,
Ramusculicola thailandica
,
Stemphylium vesicarium
and
Torula chromolaenae
. The new combinations are
Anthodidymella clematidis
(≡
Didymella clematidis
),
A. vitalbina
(≡
Didymella vitalbina
),
Anthosulcatispora brunnea
(≡
Neobambusicola brunnea
),
Fuscohypha kunmingensis
(≡
Plectosphaerella kunmingensis
),
Magnibotryascoma rubriostiolata
(≡
Teichospora rubriostiolata
),
Pararoussoella mangrovei
(≡
Roussoella mangrovei
),
Pseudoneoconiothyrium euonymi
(≡
Roussoella euonymi
),
Sclerenchymomyces jonesii
(≡
Neoleptosphaeria jonesii
),
Stemphylium rosae
(≡
Pleospora rosae)
, and
S. rosae
-
caninae
(≡
Pleospora rosae
-
caninae
). The microfungi on
Clematis
is distributed in several classes of Ascomycota. The analyses are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data. To the best of our knowledge, the consolidated species concept approach is recommended in validating species.
Species and generic recognition in the order
Xylariales
has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures, as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, ...we revise the families
Graphostromataceae
,
Hypoxylaceae
,
Lopadostomataceae
and
Xylariaceae
in
Xylariales
. Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens. We also collected new specimens from Germany, Italy and Thailand. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families. Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree. We accept six genera in
Graphostromataceae
, 19 genera in
Hypoxylaceae
, four in
Lopadostomataceae
and 37 genera in
Xylariaceae
. Five genera previously treated in
Xylariaceae
are placed in
Amphisphaeriales
genera
incertae sedis
and seven genera are placed in
Xylariales
genera
incertae sedis.
Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera
incertae sedis
, while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera
incertae sedis.
Three genera are considered as doubtful.
Barrmaelia
and
Cannonia
, presently included in
Xylariaceae
are transferred to
Diatrypaceae
and
Coniochaetales
respectively, based on their morphology and phylogeny.
Areolospora
and
Myconeesia
are excluded from
Xylariaceae
and synonymized with
Phaeosporis
and
Anthostomella
respectively. Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus. Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.
A Review of the Fungi That Degrade Plastic Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Dai, Donqin ...
Journal of fungi (Basel),
07/2022, Letnik:
8, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Plastic has become established over the world as an essential basic need for our daily life. Current global plastic production exceeds 300 million tons annually. Plastics have many characteristics ...such as low production costs, inertness, relatively low weight, and durability. The primary disadvantage of plastics is their extremely slow natural degradation. The latter results in an accumulation of plastic waste in nature. The amount of plastic waste as of 2015 was 6300 million tons worldwide, and 79% of this was placed in landfills or left in the natural environment. Moreover, recent estimates report that 12,000 million tons of plastic waste will have been accumulated on the earth by 2050. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective plastic biodegradation process to accelerate the natural degradation rate of plastics. More than 400 microbes have been identified as capable of plastic degradation. This is the first paper of the series on plastic-degrading fungi. This paper provides a summary of the current global production of plastic and plastic waste accumulation in nature. A list is given of all the plastic-degrading fungi recorded thus far, based on the available literature, and comments are made relating to the major fungal groups. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships of plastic-degrading fungi were analyzed using a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 dataset consisting of 395 strains. Our results confirm that plastic-degrading fungi are found in eleven classes in the fungal phyla Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes), Basidiomycota (Agaricomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Tremellomycetes, Tritirachiomycetes, and Ustilaginomy-cetes), and Mucoromycota (Mucoromycetes). The taxonomic placement of plastic-degrading fungal taxa is briefly discussed. The Eurotiomycetes include the largest number of plastic degraders in the kingdom Fungi. The results presented herein are expected to influence the direction of future research on similar topics in order to find effective plastic-degrading fungi that can eliminate plastic wastes. The next publication of the series on plastic-degrading fungi will be focused on major metabolites, degradation pathways, and enzyme production in plastic degradation by fungi.
Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi. The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been ...estimated. This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches, viz. by numbers of described fungi, by fungus:substrate ratio, by ecological distribution, by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota. The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted, “2.2–3.8 million” species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90% of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually. The Catalogue of Life, Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement. The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million, ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million. However, only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories. The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22. Therefore, where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes? The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots, poorly-studied areas and species complexes. Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles, lichenicolous fungi, human pathogens, marine fungi, and fungicolous fungi. Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier species. Nomenclatural issues, such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs, synonyms, conspecific names, illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species. Interspecies introgression results in new species, while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.
The genus Apiospora is known as a cosmopolitan genus, found across various substrates. In this study, four Apiospora taxa were obtained from the decaying stems of bamboo and maize in northern ...Thailand. Apiospora collections were compared with known species based on the morphological characteristics and the DNA sequence data of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the partial large subunit nuclear rDNA (LSU), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1-α) and beta-tubulins (TUB2). Apiospora chiangraiense sp. nov. and two new host records (Ap. intestini and Ap. rasikravindra) are introduced here based on the morphological characteristics and multi-locus analyses. Additionally, thirteen species previously identified as Arthrinium are introduced as new combinations in Apiospora, viz., Ap. acutiapica, Ap. bambusicola, Ap. biserialis, Ap. cordylines, Ap. cyclobalanopsidis, Ap. euphorbiae, Ap. gelatinosa, Ap. locuta-pollinis, Ap. minutispora, Ap. pseudorasikravindrae, Ap. septate, Ap. setariae and Ap. sorghi.
For centuries,
has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that
species have a variety of beneficial medicinal ...properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of
species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether
is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from
, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years,
triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25
species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of
triterpenoids.
The authors established the taxonomic status of endophytic fungi associated with leaves of Pandanaceae collected from southern Thailand. Morphotypes were initially identified based on their ...characteristics in culture and species level identification was done based on both morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data. Twenty-two isolates from healthy leaves were categorised into eight morphotypes. Appropriate universal primers were used to amplify specific gene regions and phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify these endophytes and established relationships with extant fungi. The authors identified both ascomycete and basidiomycete species, including one new genus, seven new species and nine known species. Morphological descriptions, colour plates and phylogenies are given for each taxon.
Fungi have evolved diverse strategies to acquire nutrients as endophytes, saprobes, symbionts, or pathogens. Appressoria have been intensively studied due to their importance in attaching and ...breaching the host surface. These specialized infection structures have evolved into various morpho-types: proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria, and compound appressoria. In this review, we discuss the differences in the formation, differentiation, and function of appressoria among fungi with diverse life strategies. Using DNA sequence information, LSU, 5.8S, SSU and
rpb2
gene fragments, we reconstructed the ancestral states for appressorial types in the main phyla of fungi and fungus-like organisms and found that the hyaline appressoria was the most ancestral form. Our analysis estimated proto-appressoria diversification during the Mesozoic period (92–239 million years ago), however, its origin remains inconclusive. Our data suggest that these hyaline appressoria diversified into melanized or compound appressoria, with evidence of adaptive radiation.
During an ongoing research survey of saprobic fungi in Thailand, four coelomycetous strains were isolated from decaying leaves in Chiang Mai and Phitsanulok Provinces. Morphological characteristics ...demonstrated that these taxa are typical of Cytospora in forming multi-loculate, entostromatic conidiomata, branched or unbranched conidiophores, with enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells and hyaline, allantoid, aseptate conidia. Multiloci phylogeny of ITS, LSU, ACT, RPB2, TEF1-α and TUB2 confirmed these taxa are distinct new species in Cytospora in Cytosporaceae (Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes), viz., Cytospora chiangmaiensis, C. phitsanulokensis and C. shoreae. Cytospora chiangmaiensis has a close phylogenetic relationship with C. shoreae, while C. phitsanulokensis is sister to C. acaciae. These three novel species were also preliminary screened for their antagonistic activity against five plant pathogenic fungi: Colletotrichumfructicola, Co. siamense, Co. artocarpicola, Co. viniferum and Fusarium sambucinum. Cytospora shoreae and C. phitsanulokensis showed >60% inhibition against Co. viniferum and F. sambucinum, while C. chiangmaiensis had moderate inhibition activity against all pathogens.
As a result of an ongoing survey of microfungi associated with garden and ornamental plants in Qijing, Yunnan, China, several saprobic fungal taxa were isolated from
Magnolia grandiflora
. Both ...morphological and combined SSU, LSU, ITS,
tef1
, and
rpb2
locus phylogenetic analyses (maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses) were carried out to identify the fungal taxa. Three new species are introduced in
Pleosporales, viz
.,
Lonicericola qujingensis
(
Parabambusicolaceae
),
Phragmocamarosporium magnoliae
, and
Periacma qujingensis
(
Lentitheciaceae
).
Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia mutila
, and
Diplodia seriata
(in
Botryosphaeriaceae
) are reported from
Magnolia grandiflora
for the first time in China.
Angustimassarina populi
(
Amorosiaceae
) is reported for the first time on
M. grandiflora
from China, and this is the first report of a member of this genus outside Europe.
Shearia formosa
is also reported for the first time on
M. grandiflora
from China.
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