In this study, p-type Pi-gate (PG) poly-Si nanowire channel junctionless accumulation-mode (JAM) field-effect transistors (FETs) were successfully fabricated and their reliability was investigated. ...The reliability of these PG JAM FETs was found to be dependent on the effective channel doping concentration (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{N}_{\text {ch,eff}} </tex-math></inline-formula>). Through a negative gate bias stress (NGBS) test, we found that degradation in the average subthreshold swing (A.S.S.) and shift in the threshold voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {TH}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) increases as the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{N}_{\text {ch,eff}} </tex-math></inline-formula> of the PG JAM FETs decreases. Furthermore, the PG JAM FETs with a lower <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{N}_{\text {ch,eff}} </tex-math></inline-formula> show the more severe rate of deterioration in the transconductance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{G}_{\text {m}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) and ON current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{I}_{\text {ON}} </tex-math></inline-formula>). By increasing <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{N}_{\text {ch,eff}} </tex-math></inline-formula> to reduce the electric field (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{E} </tex-math></inline-formula>-field) on the gate oxide and tune the carrier transport mechanism in the poly-Si nanowire channel, a better immunity against the NGBS test in the p-type PG JAM FETs can be achieved under a gate overdrive voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {GOD}} = {V}_{G} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V}_{\text {TH},\text {initial}} = -{3.5} </tex-math></inline-formula> V) to perform the NGBS test.
Birefringent light‐shaping films (BLSFs) for mini‐LED backlit liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are proposed and experimentally demonstrated by passive polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films. ...Such films show angle‐selective scattering properties, achieved by proper material engineering and good vertical alignment of liquid crystals. They only respond to angles rather than spatial locations. By directly adhering the BLSF onto a LED, the angular intensity distribution of light can be tailored from Lambertian‐like to batwing‐like. Further simulation proves that by engineering the angular distribution, a fewer number of LEDs or equivalently a shorter light‐spreading distance is required to maintain good uniformity. These BLSFs are expected to find widespread applications in emerging mini‐LED backlit LCDs and shed light on designing other light‐shaping films in the future.
Birefringent light‐shaping films (BLSFs) for mini‐LED backlit LCDs are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. By directly laminating BLSF onto a LED, the angular intensity distribution of light can be tailored from Lambertian‐like to batwing‐like, such that a fewer number of LEDs or equivalently a shorter light‐spreading distance is required to maintain good uniformity.
•A simple microanode-guided electroplating method has successfully fabricated a soft-magnetic ternary alloy micropillar.•The Co63Fe25Ni12 micropillar exhibits the Ms and Hc reach an excellent level ...at 1.4 Oe and 175 emu/g.•Nanoindentation confirms that these pillars possessed reduced Young’s modulus at 185 GPa and the hardness of 6.38 GPa.•The study of cathodic polarization offers a detailed comprehension of the Co-Fe-Ni anomalous electrodeposition mechanism.
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Microanode-guided electroplating (MAGE) was performed to prepare cobalt-iron-nickel alloying micropillars. The electrolyte was prepared by fixing Fe2+ at 0.040 M and varying Co2+ in 0.040–0.100 M and Ni2+ in 0.30–0.60 M. The effect of bath composition on the compositional, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the alloying micropillars was investigated. Resulting from FE-SEM and EDS, all the micropillars demonstrated a smooth morphology but in different compositions depending on the bath composition. Through XRD analysis, the micropillars were characterized in nanocrystals of Co-Ni and Co7Fe3. After nano-indentation testing, the reduced Young’s modulus of the pillars was estimated at 103.1–185 GPa and the hardness at 5.70–6.38 GPa. Investigation of all the specimens with VSM, Co61Fe27Ni12 and Co63Fe25Ni12 displayed the notable saturation magnetization (Ms = 180 and 175 emu/g) and the lowest coercive magnetic field (Hc = 2.1 and 1.4 Oe) among them. The mechanism of anomalous Co-Fe-Ni electrodeposition is proposed.
Micro LED displays are widely acknowledged as forthcoming display innovations. However, due to the micro LED device size reductions, the light extraction efficiency of micro LED devices will be ...compromised. This paper extends the EQE equation and implement a LEE secondary optics (the secondary optics of light extraction efficiency) factor. The paper also presents few directions to enhance the normal angle light intensity for micro LED displays. Our sample preparations have confirmed that a white glue layer can bring about an improvement of over 100%, and a lens with a protection layer can also boost the normal angle light intensity by 45%. Considering the overall display performance including surface reflection, we simulated a condition that can improve the normal angle light intensity by over 70% in micro LED displays.
The combination of white organic light-emitting devices (OLED) and color filters is one of the most promising technologies for full-color OLED displays. Yet, the transmission spectra of most ...available color filters are broad and poorly match the electroluminescence spectra of white OLEDs, yielding less saturated filtered colors and small color gamut for displays. In this work, we report that by employing the microcavity structure only in green pixels for such OLED display technology, one can simultaneously achieve simplification the manufacturing process, enhancement of color performances, and enhancement in efficiencies for OLED displays.
Novel flower‐shaped liquid crystal grating design was proposed to get a transparent display with the rainbow‐free hazy state. In transparent state, it exhibits 81.23 % of transmittance. In hazy ...state, it displays 74.6% of haze with crossed flower‐shaped liquid crystal grating. When the LC grating is used as a mirror display, the SCE of the mirror display are 0.012% and 32.43% in mirror and hazy state with a contrast of 2702.5.
In this study, an electrochemical deposition was conducted to prepare Al:ZnO. Products in three distinct phases were obtained depending on the Al3+ added in the bath of 2.0 mM zinc nitrate. For ...convenient description, Al3+ (total range 0–1000 μM) was termed as dilute (i.e., Al3+ < 60 μM), medium (i.e. 60 μM < Al3+ < 100 μM), and concentrated (i.e., Al3+ > 250 μM). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that a compact phase of nanorods was deposited in the dilute Al3+, a mixed phase consisting of nanorods and nanosheets was deposited in the medium Al3+, and a loose phase of cloudy floc was produced in the concentrated Al3+. By analyzing the reaction products with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we distinguished the crystal film of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanorods from the amorphous hydroxides. Mott-Schottky measurements revealed that the specimen of nanorods doped with 2.84 at.% Al displays the highest carrier concentration (3.83 × 1018 cm−3) and demonstrates the highest electric conductivity among the specimens in a compact phase of nanorods. Photovoltaic tests showed that these films have fill factor and solar cell power conversion efficiency of 70.6 and 2.15%, respectively. By means of cathodic polarization and analysis of basic chemistry in aqueous solution, we propose a comprehensive mechanism to illustrate the type of products depending on Al3+.
In this paper, the influence of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) nitridation temperatures on p-type Pi-gate (PG) poly-Si junctionless accumulation mode (JAM) TFTs is experimentally investigated. The ...tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) gate oxide quality for PG JAM TFTs can be significantly improved by increasing N 2 O nitridation temperatures (TN) from 700°C to 800°C in N2O ambient, resulting in the improvement of average subthreshold swing (A.S.S.), increase of on current (ION), and enhancement of TEOS gate oxide breakdown E-field (EOBD). PG JAM TFTs by means of a proper channel doping concentration (N ch = 5 × 1018 cm -3 ) and a suitable T N (800°C) exhibit a steep A.S.S. ~96 mV/dec. and a large E OBD ~12.1 MV/cm.
We established an evaluation framework for sustainable forest management (SFM) development based on locals’ perspectives using the importance-performance analysis (IPA) method in a rural area of ...Taiwan. It identified the factors that affected local people’s participation in and awareness of SFM based on local demographics, development factors of SFM, and perceptions of SFM, through the logistic regression method (LRM). Both the levels of importance and performance (I-P) of the SFM indicators were rated by the local residents and the differences between importance–performance among indigenous and non-indigenous people were examined. The factors that affected differentiation of local people’s participation in the SFM program were: (1) forestry workers, (2) indigenous people, and (3) SFM development factors. The findings provide both theoretical constructs and policy implications for SFM mechanisms for the forest stewardship council (FSC) and sustainable development goals (SDGs) in a sustainable rural development.
In this work, the impedance spectroscopy was adopted to characterize conductively doped organic hole-transport layers. We performed comparative studies of the impedance spectroscopy of undoped and ...doped hole-transport materials, by both experiment and simulation approaches. The impedance spectroscopy of the non-doped hole-transport material can be well understood by simply adopting the conventional RC equivalent circuits and considering the dielectric response frequency-independent. For the conductively doped organic hole-transport materials, however, successful modeling of the impedance spectroscopy results need to take into account the more complicated situations: including the difference between the bulk region and the depletion region near the electrode, and dispersion (i.e. frequency dependence) in the dielectric response of the conductively doped transport layer. As such, it is found necessary to include the complex dielectric response and the non-conventional complex impedance element in the equivalent circuit to achieve tight matching of simulated results with experiment results over wide bias and frequency ranges.
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