Creative Outcome as Implausible Utility Tsao, J. Y.; Ting, C. L.; Johnson, C. M.
Review of general psychology,
09/2019, Letnik:
23, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Two perspectives are used to reframe Simonton’s recent three-factor definition of creative outcome. The first perspective is functional: that creative ideas are those that add significantly to ...knowledge by providing both utility and learning. The second perspective is calculational: that learning can be estimated by the change in probabilistic beliefs about an idea’s utility before and after it has played out in its environment. The results of the reframing are proposed conceptual and mathematical definitions of (a) creative outcome as the product of two overarching factors (utility and learning) and (b) learning as a function of two subsidiary factors (blindness reduction and surprise). Learning will be shown to depend much more strongly on surprise than on blindness reduction, so creative outcome may then also be defined as “implausible utility.”
BACKGROUNDThirty-five years ago, Benner defined an expert nurse as one who applies deep knowledge and experience across different contexts and clinical situations. Since that time, there has been ...little exploration of expertise in cancer nursing.
OBJECTIVESTo explore and describe characteristics of expert cancer nurses and to consider whether Benner’s typology of an expert nurse remains relevant in today’s complex oncology settings.
METHODSAn exploratory, descriptive study using audio-recorded focus group methodology was undertaken. Audio-recordings were transcribed, and an inductive thematic analysis approach applied to the data. Nurses also documented key characteristics of expert practice on Post-it notes to illustrate dominant characteristics.
RESULTSTwenty-four registered nurses from a comprehensive cancer center in Australia took part in 1 of 3 focus groups. Seven key themes were identifiedknowledge, leadership, adaptability, communication, motivation, patient-centered care, organization, and culture. Key word cloud characteristics included knowledge, compassion, motivation, experience, and communication.
CONCLUSIONSMany of the expert characteristics identified in this study reflect traits common to other nursing specialty groups. Of particular relevance to cancer nurses was “adaptability,” reflecting the complexity of contemporary cancer care and reaffirming Benner’s definition of an expert nurse as one who can fluidly connect knowledge and experience to unfamiliar practice contexts.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEUnderstanding characteristics of expert cancer nurses may help inform and support professional practice advancement and guide future research about select characteristics of expert cancer nurses to patient- and system-level outcomes.
Background:
Evidence from both clinical and experimental research indicates that the immune-brain interaction plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of depression. A multi-protein complex of the ...innate immune system, the NLRP3 inflammasome regulates cleavage and secretion of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. The inflammasome detects various pathogen-associated molecule patterns and damage-associated molecule patterns, which then leads to a series of immune-inflammatory reactions.
Methods:
To explore the role of inflammasome activation in the underlying biological mechanisms of depression, we established a mouse model of depression with unpredictable chronic mild stress.
Results:
Mice subjected to chronic mild stress for 4 weeks had significantly higher serum corticosterone levels, serum interleukin-1β levels, and hippocampal active interleukin-1β protein levels. They also displayed depressive-like symptoms, including decreased sucrose preference and increased immobility time. Moreover, the hippocampi of chronic mild stress-exposed mice had significantly higher activity of caspase-1, which accompanied by higher protein levels of NLRP3 and the apoptotic speck-containing protein with a card. Pretreatment with the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor VX-765 decreased serum and hippocampal levels of interleukin-1β protein and significantly moderated the depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic mild stress.
Conclusions:
These data suggest the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates stress-induced depression via immune activation. Future procedures targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome may have promising effects in the prevention and treatment of depression.
Purpose
Using software for assessment of restorative work on typodonts in the simulation laboratory may enhance the objective evaluation of student work. The study aimed to evaluate the inter-rater ...and intra-rater reliability using 3-D scans from the Planmeca Emerald™ intra-oral scanner with Romexis Compare
®
software for assessing preparations for preformed metal crowns (PMCs).
Methods
Three operators independently recorded 3-D scans and digitally measured the features of 30 PMC preparations on typodont primary teeth (# 75). Using Romexis Compare
®
software, preparations were measured from mesial, distal and occlusal aspects. Measurements were repeated after 2 weeks. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to measure the reliability of measurements between operators and within the one operator.
Results
For measuring the extent of tooth reduction, there was excellent intra-rater reliability for each operator (ICC 0.96–0.99). The highest inter-rater reliability was for measurements of the occlusal surface (0.946 and 0.956), followed by the mesial surface (0.852 and 0.862) and then the distal surface (0.746 and 0.724).
Conclusion
This method was useful and reliable for measuring features of PMC preparation, but with some limitations. Improving the software to provide specific assistance tools would empower greater uptake of this method as an adjunct to traditional visual grading tool in paediatric dentistry preclinical teaching.
6-(fluoro-
F)-3-(1H-pyrrolo2,3-cpyridin-1-yl)isoquinolin-5-amine (
FMK6240) tau PET tracer quantifies the brain tau neurofibrillary tangle load in Alzheimer disease. The aims of our study were to ...test the stability of common reference region estimates in the cerebellum over time and across diagnoses and evaluate the effects of age-related and off-target retention on the longitudinal quantification of
FMK6240 in target regions.
We assessed reference, target, age-related, and off-target regions in 125 individuals across the aging and Alzheimer disease spectrum with longitudinal
FMK6240 SUVs and SUV ratios (SUVRs) (mean ± SD, 2.25 ± 0.40 y of follow-up). We obtained SUVR from meninges, exhibiting frequent off-target retention with
FMK6240. Additionally, we compared tracer uptake between 37 cognitively unimpaired young (CUY) (mean age, 23.41 ± 3.33 y) and 27 cognitively unimpaired older (CU) adults (amyloid-β-negative and tau-negative, 58.50 ± 9.01 y) to identify possible nonvisually apparent, age-related signal. Two-tailed
testing and Pearson correlation testing were used to determine the difference between groups and associations between changes in region uptake, respectively.
Inferior cerebellar gray matter SUV did not differ on the basis of diagnosis and amyloid-β status, cross-sectionally and over time.
FMK6240 uptake significantly differed between CUY and CU adults in the putamen or pallidum (affecting ∼75% of the region) and in the Braak II region (affecting ∼35%). Changes in meningeal and putamen or pallidum SUVRs did not significantly differ from zero, nor did they vary across diagnostic groups. We did not observe significant correlations between longitudinal changes in age-related or meningeal off-target retention and changes in target regions, whereas changes in all target regions were strongly correlated.
Inferior cerebellar gray matter was similar across diagnostic groups cross-sectionally and stable over time and thus was deemed a suitable reference region for quantification. Despite not being visually perceptible,
FMK6240 has age-related retention in subcortical regions, at a much lower magnitude but topographically colocalized with significant off-target signal of the first-generation tau tracers. The lack of correlation between changes in age-related or meningeal and target retention suggests little influence of possible off-target signals on longitudinal tracer quantification. Nevertheless, the age-related retention in the Braak II region needs to be further investigated. Future postmortem studies should elucidate the source of the newly reported age-related
FMK6240 signal, and in vivo studies should further explore its impact on tracer quantification.
Growing evidence suggests that intramyocardial biomaterial injection improves cardiac functions after myocardial infarction (MI) in rodents. Cell therapy is another promising approach to treat MI, ...although poor retention of transplanted cells is a major challenge. In this study, we hypothesized that intramyocardial injection of self-assembling peptide nanofibers (NFs) thickens the infarcted myocardium and increases transplanted autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (MNC) retention to attenuate cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in a pig MI model.
A total of 40 mature minipigs were divided into 5 groups: sham, MI+normal saline, MI+NFs, MI+MNCs, and MI+MNCs/NFs. MI was induced by coronary occlusion followed by intramyocardial injection of 2 mL normal saline or 1% NFs with or without 1×10(8) isolated autologous MNCs. NF injection significantly improved diastolic function and reduced ventricular remodeling 28 days after treatment. Injection of MNCs alone ameliorated systolic function only, whereas injection of MNCs with NFs significantly improved both systolic and diastolic functions as indicated by +dP/dt and -dP/dt (1214.5±91.9 and -1109.7±91.2 mm Hg/s in MI+NS, 1693.7±84.7 and -1809.6±264.3 mm Hg/s in MI+MNCs/NFs, respectively), increased transplanted cell retention (29.3±4.5 cells/mm(2) in MI+MNCs and 229.4±41.4 cells/mm(2) in MI+MNCs/NFs) and promoted capillary density in the peri-infarct area.
We demonstrated that NF injection alone prevents ventricular remodeling, whereas cell implantation with NFs improves cell retention and cardiac functions after MI in pigs. This unprecedented combined treatment in a large animal model has therapeutic effects, which can be translated to clinical applications in the foreseeable future.
To study the prevalence of and associated factors for cognitive impairment and dementia in community dwelling Chinese from Singapore.
This study includes Chinese subjects from the Epidemiology of ...Dementia in Singapore (EDIS) study, aged ≥60 years, who underwent comprehensive examinations, including cognitive screening with the locally validated Abbreviated Mental Test and Progressive Forgetfulness Questionnaire. Screen positive participants subsequently underwent extensive neuropsychological testing and cerebral MRI. Cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) and dementia were diagnosed according to internationally accepted criteria. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia were computed per 5 year age categories and gender. To examine the relationship between baseline associated factors and cognitive impairment, we used logistic regression models to compute odd ratios with 95% CI.
1538 Chinese subjects, aged ≥60 years, underwent cognitive screening: 171 (15.2%) were diagnosed with any cognitive impairment, of whom 84 were CIND mild, 80 CIND moderate and seven had dementia. The overall age adjusted prevalence of CIND mild was 7.2%; CIND moderate/dementia was 7.9%. The prevalence increased with age, from 5.9% in those aged 60-64 years to 31.3% in those aged 75-79 years and 44.1% in those aged ≥80 years. Multivariate analysis revealed age, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia to be independently associated with cognitive impairment.
In present study, the overall prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in Chinese was 15.2%, which is in the same range as the prevalence reported in Caucasian and other Asian populations.
Thyroid hormone binds to nuclear receptors and regulates gene transcription. Here we report that in mice, at around the first day of life, there is a transient surge in hepatocyte type 2 deiodinase ...(D2) that activates the prohormone thyroxine to the active hormone triiodothyronine, modifying the expression of ∼165 genes involved in broad aspects of hepatocyte function, including lipid metabolism. Hepatocyte-specific D2 inactivation (ALB-D2KO) is followed by a delay in neonatal expression of key lipid-related genes and a persistent reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression. Notably, the absence of a neonatal D2 peak significantly modifies the baseline and long-term hepatic transcriptional response to a high-fat diet (HFD). Overall, changes in the expression of approximately 400 genes represent the HFD response in control animals toward the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides, whereas in ALB-D2KO animals, the response is limited to a very different set of only approximately 200 genes associated with reverse cholesterol transport and lipase activity. A whole genome methylation profile coupled to multiple analytical platforms indicate that 10–20% of these differences can be related to the presence of differentially methylated local regions mapped to sites of active/suppressed chromatin, thus qualifying as epigenetic modifications occurring as a result of neonatal D2 inactivation. The resulting phenotype of the adult ALB-D2KO mouse is dramatic, with greatly reduced susceptibility to diet-induced steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and obesity.
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