•Using matched bank-firm data, we investigate how employment of SMEs have been affected by credit constraints between 2010 and 2013.•Variability in banks’ financial health is used as an exogenous ...determinant of firms’ access to credit.•Employment consequences of credit constraints are found to be strongly contingent on the environment in which firms operate.•Credit-constraints foster employment adjustment at the extensive margin but also increase significantly the use of temporary layoff.
This paper takes advantage of access to detailed matched bank-firm data to investigate whether and how employment decisions of SMEs have been affected by credit constraints during the European sovereign debt crisis. Variability in banks’ financial health following the 2008 crisis is used as an exogenous determinant of firms’ access to credit. Findings, relative to the Belgian economy, clearly highlight that credit matters. They show that SMEs borrowing money from pre-crisis financially less healthy banks were significantly more likely to be affected by a credit constraint and, in turn, to adjust their labour input downwards than pre-crisis clients of more healthy banks. These results are robust across types of loan applications that were denied credit, i.e. applications to finance working capital, debt or new investments. Yet, estimates also show that credit constraints have been essentially detrimental for employment among SMEs experiencing a negative demand shock or facing strong product market competition. In terms of human resources management, credit constraints are not only found to foster employment adjustment at the extensive margin but also to increase the use of temporary layoff allowances for economic reasons. This outcome supports the hypothesis that short-time compensation programmes contribute to save jobs during recessions.
Education in relational, emotional and sexual life (EVRAS) is a project which has been in place for many years in French-speaking BCR. Despite the active involvement of politicians, numerous ...stakeholders and schools, it took more than ten years after its integration into the missions of education for EVRAS to become compulsory as of the 2023 school year, in a minimal form. The lack of a true implementation of EVRAS throughout schooling is problematic and contributes to the social inequalities in health which already exist in Brussels. This study is part of the impetus recently given by COCOF and aims to contribute to the definition of future public policies in this area, by proposing three scenarios for the widespread introduction of EVRAS in French-language compulsory education in Brussels, each accompanied by a budget model.
La généralisation de l’éducation à la vie relationnelle, affective et sexuelle (EVRAS) est un projet mis en place depuis de nombreuses années en RBC francophone. Malgré la mobilisation de politiques, ...de nombreux acteurs et d’établissements scolaires, plus de dix ans ont été nécessaires après son intégration dans les missions de l’enseignement pour que l’EVRAS devienne obligatoire à la rentrée 2023, sous une forme minimale. L’absence d’un réel parcours EVRAS tout au long de la scolarité est problématique et participe aux inégalités sociales de santé déjà fortement présentes à Bruxelles. Cette étude participe à l’élan récemment impulsé par la COCOF et a pour objectif de contribuer à la définition de futures politiques publiques ambitieuses à ce sujet : elle propose trois scénarios de généralisation de l’EVRAS dans l’enseignement obligatoire bruxellois francophone, accompagné chacun d’une modélisation budgétaire.
De veralgemening van relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding (Éducation à la Vie Relationnelle, Affective et Sexuelle of kortweg EVRAS in het Frans) is een plan dat al jarenlang wordt uitgevoerd in het Franstalig Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (BHG). Ondanks de inzet van beleidsmaatregelen, vele actoren en scholen wordt relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding – en dan nog in minimale vorm – pas vanaf september 2023 verplicht, meer dan tien jaar nadat relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding opgenomen werd in de onderwijsopdrachten. Dat er voor de hele schooltijd geen echt traject ontwikkeld werd rond seksuele opvoeding is een probleem, omdat dit bijdraagt aan de sociale gezondheidsongelijkheden, die zo al sterk aanwezig zijn in Brussel. Dit onderzoek draagt bij aan de recente impuls van de Franse Gemeenschapscommissie en wil ook bijdragen aan de uitstippeling van toekomstige ambitieuze beleidsmaatregelen op het vlak van relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding. Het biedt namelijk drie scenario’s voor de veralgemening van relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding in het Franstalig verplicht onderwijs in Brussel, met telkens ook een budgettering.
Education in relational, emotional and sexual life (EVRAS) is a project which has been in place for many years in French-speaking BCR. Despite the active involvement of politicians, numerous stakeholders and schools, it took more than ten years after its integration into the missions of education for EVRAS to become compulsory as of the 2023 school year, in a minimal form. The lack of a true implementation of EVRAS throughout schooling is problematic and contributes to the social inequalities in health which already exist in Brussels. This study is part of the impetus recently given by COCOF and aims to contribute to the definition of future public policies in this area, by proposing three scenarios for the widespread introduction of EVRAS in French-language compulsory education in Brussels, each accompanied by a budget model.
La généralisation de l’éducation à la vie relationnelle, affective et sexuelle (EVRAS) est un projet mis en place depuis de nombreuses années en RBC francophone. Malgré la mobilisation de politiques, ...de nombreux acteurs et d’établissements scolaires, plus de dix ans ont été nécessaires après son intégration dans les missions de l’enseignement pour que l’EVRAS devienne obligatoire à la rentrée 2023, sous une forme minimale. L’absence d’un réel parcours EVRAS tout au long de la scolarité est problématique et participe aux inégalités sociales de santé déjà fortement présentes à Bruxelles. Cette étude participe à l’élan récemment impulsé par la COCOF et a pour objectif de contribuer à la définition de futures politiques publiques ambitieuses à ce sujet : elle propose trois scénarios de généralisation de l’EVRAS dans l’enseignement obligatoire bruxellois francophone, accompagné chacun d’une modélisation budgétaire.
De veralgemening van relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding (Éducation à la Vie Relationnelle, Affective et Sexuelle of kortweg EVRAS in het Frans) is een plan dat al jarenlang wordt uitgevoerd in het Franstalig Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (BHG). Ondanks de inzet van beleidsmaatregelen, vele actoren en scholen wordt relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding – en dan nog in minimale vorm – pas vanaf september 2023 verplicht, meer dan tien jaar nadat relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding opgenomen werd in de onderwijsopdrachten. Dat er voor de hele schooltijd geen echt traject ontwikkeld werd rond seksuele opvoeding is een probleem, omdat dit bijdraagt aan de sociale gezondheidsongelijkheden, die zo al sterk aanwezig zijn in Brussel. Dit onderzoek draagt bij aan de recente impuls van de Franse Gemeenschapscommissie en wil ook bijdragen aan de uitstippeling van toekomstige ambitieuze beleidsmaatregelen op het vlak van relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding. Het biedt namelijk drie scenario’s voor de veralgemening van relationele, affectieve en seksuele opvoeding in het Franstalig verplicht onderwijs in Brussel, met telkens ook een budgettering.
Education in relational, emotional and sexual life (EVRAS) is a project which has been in place for many years in French-speaking BCR. Despite the active involvement of politicians, numerous stakeholders and schools, it took more than ten years after its integration into the missions of education for EVRAS to become compulsory as of the 2023 school year, in a minimal form. The lack of a true implementation of EVRAS throughout schooling is problematic and contributes to the social inequalities in health which already exist in Brussels. This study is part of the impetus recently given by COCOF and aims to contribute to the definition of future public policies in this area, by proposing three scenarios for the widespread introduction of EVRAS in French-language compulsory education in Brussels, each accompanied by a budget model.
•Subsidies for the domestic services sector are an increasingly popular policy to create employment opportunities for low-skilled workers.•This paper provides the first evaluation of the effects of ...subsidizing domestic services.•We find that the implementation of domestic service subsidies in Belgium led to a strong and lasting increase in female employment in subsidized industries.•Our findings also show that the subsidy had a positive effect on overall employment and reduced unemployment, participation in other social welfare programs, and inactivity.•We document unintended increases in work incapacity as a result of the policy, likely due to the fact it broadened the population that can access the social safety net.
This paper analyzes subsidies for the domestic services sector, an increasingly popular policy to create employment opportunities for low-skilled workers. Using Belgian administrative data, a differences-in-differences approach, and a shift-share instrumental variable, we estimate the local effects of the policy in targeted industries as well as overall effects on the labor market. We find that domestic service subsidies can increase female employment in the subsidized industries as well as the overall employment rate. This increase in employment is primarily driven by an increase in (formal) labor market participation and, to a lesser extent, a reduction in the rate of participation in unemployment insurance and in other social welfare programs. We also find that these subsidies can lead to an increase in the rate of work incapacity, likely due to the fact they broaden the population that can access the social safety net.
Over the last two decades, social security reforms in several European countries have turned early retirement routes for older workers increasingly difficult. The size of the effects of these reforms ...on labour supply and social security transfers, and how these effects interact with workers’ characteristics have yet to be measured. This article sheds light on this issue by exploring the consequences of postponing access to an old-age unemployment programme—from age 58 to 60—in Belgium. The programme provides laid-off workers with a combination of unemployment benefits and a monthly supplement paid by the employer until the full retirement age. Exploiting register data on the universe of workers and using a difference-in-difference identification strategy, the authors find that UCS eligibility negatively affects employment participation but also mitigates older workers’ participation in other social security programmes.
This paper investigates inter‐industry wage differentials in Belgium, taking advantage of access to detailed matched employer‐employee data covering all the years from 1999 to 2005. Findings show the ...existence of large and persistent wage differentials among workers with the same observed characteristics, employed in different sectors. Results also indicate that ceteris paribus, workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more profitable firms. This rent sharing phenomenon accounts for a significant fraction of the inter‐industry wage differentials. We find indeed that the magnitude, dispersion and significance of inter‐industry wage differentials decrease sharply when controlling for profits.
•We study the effect of job-search monitoring (JSM) on individual labor market outcomes of the long-term unemployed.•JSM increases exits from unemployment to DI without affecting transitions into ...employment or other social welfare programs.•The effect of JSM on DI materializes before any sanction can be imposed.•Monitored individuals are still 10 pp more likely to be on DI three years after the start of monitoring.•Exploring fiscal implications reveals that the decrease in UI transfers as a result of JSM are almost entirely offset by the increase in DI transfers.
We study the effect of job search monitoring (JSM) on individual labor market outcomes of the long-term unemployed. Exploiting the implementation of a JSM program targeted at jobseekers under the age of 49, we set up a regression discontinuity design that credibly identifies the program’s causal effect on unemployment, employment, and disability insurance (DI) participation and participation in other social welfare programs within a three-year period. We find that JSM increases exits from unemployment to DI without affecting transitions into employment or other social welfare programs. We further find that the effect of JSM on DI materializes before any sanction can be imposed and monitored individuals are still 10 percentage points more likely to be on DI three years after the start of monitoring. Ultimately, exploring fiscal implications reveals that the decrease in unemployment transfers as a result of JSM is entirely offset by the increase in DI transfers.
Female corporate owners and female CEOs Charpin, Agnès; Szafarz, Ariane; Tojerow, Ilan
Economics letters,
November 2023, 2023-11-00, Letnik:
232
Journal Article
Recenzirano
“Old boys’ club” ownership structures can hamper the empowerment of female talent. We use African data to show that the CEOs of firms with female shareholders are more likely to be women, regardless ...of the size of female shareholdings.
•We use World Bank firm-level survey data on the gender of owners and CEOs.•The chief executives of firms with female shareholders are more likely to be women.•This is true even when sole proprietorships, small and family firms are excluded.•The link is stronger when female shareholders have control over company decisions.
This article investigates the impact of parenthood on women's labour market outcomes in Belgium. Using administrative data and an event study design, we show that mothers lose 32% of their labour ...earnings relative to fathers, up to eight years after the birth of their first child. Furthermore, we find a strong positive correlation between the size of the child penalty for a given sector and the share of its workers who report working atypical work schedules or irregular hours, suggesting that job characteristics matter in determining the size of the child penalty.
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