This is the second part of a retrospective and review MR imaging study aiming to define the frequency rate, timing, imaging features, and evolution of gray matter changes in Menkes disease, a rare ...multisystem X-linked disorder of copper metabolism characterized by early, severe, and progressive neurologic involvement. According to our analysis, neurodegenerative changes and focal basal ganglia lesions already appear in the early phases of the disease. Subdural collections are less common than generally thought; however, their presence remains important because they might challenge the differential diagnosis with child abuse and might precipitate the clinical deterioration. Anecdotal findings in our large sample seem to provide interesting clues about the protean mechanisms of brain injury in this rare disease and further highlight the broad spectrum of MR imaging findings that might be expected while imaging a child with the suspicion of or a known diagnosis of Menkes disease.
New vinyl sulfides and sulfoxides were obtained in good yields using the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction. The vinyl sulfides and sulfoxides presented preferentially the E -stereochemistry. The ...respective vinyl sulfones were obtained in good yields from the vinyl sulfides by a simple oxidation step using m CPBA, solely as the E isomers. These derivatives presented absorption maxima in the UV-A region with molar absorptivity coefficients and radiative rate constant values ascribed to spin and symmetry-allowed 1 π–π* electronic transitions. Experimentally, a small solvatochromic effect indicated an almost absent charge transfer character in the ground-state. A fluorescence emission in the violet-green region with a significative redshift on the maxima with increasing solvent polarity was observed, which could be related to a better electron delocalization in the excited state, as a result of an intramolecular charge transfer state. DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed at the PBE1PBE and CAM-B3LYP levels of theory. No solvatochromic effect was observed in the ground state, but a bathochromic effect was detected in the emission maxima. Starting from sulfides to sulfones, the addition of oxygen atoms improved the charge separation, enabling an ICT state, mainly in P3 and P5 . This charge separation was more efficient in the triphenylamino derivatives than among the pyrene derivatives since the first one has a better electron-donating character.
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Introduction
Patient’s body size and gender are major determinants of aortic dimensions. Even though female gender is associated with ...smaller aortic dimensions, surgery indication for thoracic aorta aneurysms is still based mainly on absolute diameters without considering gender. Therefore, if 4 cm is the number which allows us to discriminate aortic dilation in women is still controversial.
Objective
to compare the upper limit of normal (ULN) and Z score between genders in the population of the MATEAR Study (prospective nationwide multicenter registry in Argentina) and to determine the usefulness and fairness of the guideline’s recommendations about aortic diameters in women.
Methods
It was a prospective nationwide registry (53 centers). We included 1,000 healthy adult individuals (mean age: 38.3±12.7 years) being 553 women (56.7% Caucasian, 38.3% Native Americans). Echocardiograms were performed in all patients measuring aortic dimensions at 6 levels following the current standard recommendations: aortic annulus, aortic sinuses, sinotubular junction (STJ), proximal ascending aorta, aortic arch, and proximal descending aorta. Absolute diameters and indexed diameters by body surface area and height were compared between men and women, as well as the estimated ULN in order to analyze discrepancies of the recommended ULN (4cm) in female individuals.
Results
Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the study population by gender. The mean age was similar in both sexes (39.1±13.4 years in women and 37.2±12.3 years in men). Women had lower values in all anthropometric parameters, they were 13 cm shorter than men, and had lower left ventricular diameters, ventricular mass, septal thickness and medium blood pressure. The aortic measures at the six levels revealed that women had lower absolute aortic diameters in all aortic segments. However, when the indexed parameters were analyzed in the aortic root and STJ, women presented lower height indexed diameters but higher BSA/indexed diameters (Table 2 and Figure 1).
Regarding the Z score evaluation, we found that the recommended ULN (4 cm) was higher in women than men, with a Z score equivalent to 3.61 and 2.34 respectively. Moreover, in our registry 3.62 cm was the ULN in women which corresponded to a Z score of 2.5.
Conclusions
As was suggested in previous studies aortic diameter indexed by height or BSA appear to be the most appropriate measurements for considering aortic dilatation. In our registry, women showed lower absolute aortic diameters in all segments placing the recommended ULN of 4cm as a misguided value for considering aortic dilatation in women. Therefore, gender should always be taken into account when defining aortic dilatation.
We reviewed historical data on surface sediment composition/distribution and hydrodynamics of the Patos-Mirim lagoonal system, the largest coastal shallow limnological system of the world, located in ...eastern South America, which is ca.15,000 km2, the maximum length is almost 500 km and maximum depth is around 7 m. We inferred the geographical position of six mud depocenters in relation to the hydrodynamic conditions evolved from predominant winds and morphometry. Littoral zones of sediment resuspension dominated by sand were identified where current velocity was higher than 0.2 m s−1 and depth was <5 m. In addition, central zones were susceptible to deposition of fine sediment fractions, where current velocity was close to 0.1 m s−1 and depth was >5 m. Such conditions observed for the central zones represent appropriate morphodynamic controls for mud depocenter formation. The six permanent Holocene depocenters for the whole Patos-Mirim system were all dominated mostly by silty clayey facies and exhibited an Mz value equal to or higher than 7.5. Because of the dominance of the fine fraction, we propose them as future potential key-spots for monitoring the environmental quality of the system to assist regional sustainable management.
New Findings * What is the central question of this study?; The formation of the cryopyrin inflammasome in the heart induces an intense inflammatory response during acute myocardial infarction, which ...mediates further damage and promotes adverse cardiac remodelling. The present study investigates the role of interleukin-1beta in mediating the pathological effects of the inflammasome in the heart. * What is the main finding and its importance?; Blockade of interleukin-1beta improves cardiac remodelling after acute myocardial infarction in the mouse by inhibiting apoptosis without affecting the formation or the activity of the inflammasome in the heart. These findings suggest that interleukin-1beta mediates the deleterious effects on the heart during the sterile inflammatory response. The formation of the cryopyrin inflammasome in the heart induces an intense inflammatory response during acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which mediates further damage and promotes adverse cardiac remodelling. Active interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is a key product of the inflammasome, being cleaved by active caspase-1. The aim of this study was to dissect the role of IL-1beta from that of the inflammasome by using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against IL-1beta and measuring the intensity of the inflammatory response, the activity of caspase-1 in the inflammasome, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac remodelling in a mouse model of non-reperfused AMI. A mouse monoclonal IgG2a antibody directed against IL-1beta (IL-1beta-AB; 10 mg kg-1) was given i.p. immediately after surgery and repeated 1 week later. Cardiac tissue was analysed at 72 h after surgery in a subgroup of mice for inflammasome aggregates and caspase-1 activity (inflammasome) and for DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity (apoptosis). All sham-operated mice were alive at 10 weeks, whereas 40% of the control-antibody-treated mice and 30% of the IL-1beta-AB-treated mice died during the 4 weeks after surgery. When compared with vehicle, treatment with the IL-1beta-AB did not affect inflammasome formation or caspase-1 activation in the heart tissue at 72 h after AMI nor circulating plasma IL-6 levels, but did inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis, limit left ventricular enlargement by 40% (P < 0.01) and improve systolic dysfunction by 17% (P < 0.01) after AMI. These findings suggest that IL-1beta mediates the deleterious effects on the heart during the sterile inflammatory response. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
New Findings
•
What is the central question of this study?
The formation of the cryopyrin inflammasome in the heart induces an intense inflammatory response during acute myocardial infarction, which ...mediates further damage and promotes adverse cardiac remodelling. The present study investigates the role of interleukin‐1β in mediating the pathological effects of the inflammasome in the heart.
•
What is the main finding and its importance?
Blockade of interleukin‐1β improves cardiac remodelling after acute myocardial infarction in the mouse by inhibiting apoptosis without affecting the formation or the activity of the inflammasome in the heart. These findings suggest that interleukin‐1β mediates the deleterious effects on the heart during the sterile inflammatory response.
The formation of the cryopyrin inflammasome in the heart induces an intense inflammatory response during acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which mediates further damage and promotes adverse cardiac remodelling. Active interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is a key product of the inflammasome, being cleaved by active caspase‐1. The aim of this study was to dissect the role of IL‐1β from that of the inflammasome by using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against IL‐1β and measuring the intensity of the inflammatory response, the activity of caspase‐1 in the inflammasome, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac remodelling in a mouse model of non‐reperfused AMI. A mouse monoclonal IgG2a antibody directed against IL‐1β (IL‐1β‐AB; 10 mg kg−1) was given i.p. immediately after surgery and repeated 1 week later. Cardiac tissue was analysed at 72 h after surgery in a subgroup of mice for inflammasome aggregates and caspase‐1 activity (inflammasome) and for DNA fragmentation and caspase‐3 activity (apoptosis). All sham‐operated mice were alive at 10 weeks, whereas 40% of the control‐antibody‐treated mice and 30% of the IL‐1β‐AB‐treated mice died during the 4 weeks after surgery. When compared with vehicle, treatment with the IL‐1β‐AB did not affect inflammasome formation or caspase‐1 activation in the heart tissue at 72 h after AMI nor circulating plasma IL‐6 levels, but did inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis, limit left ventricular enlargement by 40% (P < 0.01) and improve systolic dysfunction by 17% (P < 0.01) after AMI. These findings suggest that IL‐1β mediates the deleterious effects on the heart during the sterile inflammatory response.
Hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary - Brazil: pre jetty conditions Siegle, Eduardo(Universidade de São Paulo Instituto Oceanográfico); Schettini, Carlos A. F.(Universidade Federal do Ceará Instituto de Ciências do Mar); Klein, Antonio H. F.(Universidade do Vale do Itajaí Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar) ...
Brazilian journal of oceanography,
06/2009, Letnik:
57, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Estuarine hydrodynamics is a key factor in the definition of the filtering capacity of an estuary and results from the interaction of the processes that control the inlet morphodynamics and those ...that are acting in the mixing of the water in the estuary. The hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary were assessed by two field campaigns conducted in 1998 that covered both neap and spring tide conditions. The period measured represents the estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment transport prior to the construction of the jetty in 2003 and provides important background information for the Camboriú estuary. Each field campaign covered two complete tidal cycles with hourly measurements of currents, salinity, suspended sediment concentration and water level. Results show that the Camboriú estuary is partially mixed with the vertical structure varying as a function of the tidal range and tidal phase. The dynamic estuarine structure can be balanced between the stabilizing effects generated by the vertical density gradient, which produces buoyancy and stratification flows, and the turbulent effects generated by the vertical velocity gradient that generates vertical mixing. The main sediment source for the water column are the bottom sediments, periodically resuspended by the tidal currents. The advective salt and suspended sediment transport was different between neap and spring tides, being more complex at spring tide. The river discharge term was important under both tidal conditions. The tidal correlation term was also important, being dominant in the suspended sediment transport during the spring tide. The gravitational circulation and Stokes drift played a secondary role in the estuarine transport processes.
As trocas de água e materiais através das desembocaduras de estuários são de difícil quantificação e são de fundamental importância para o entendimento do funcionamento de estuários e da zona costeira. A hidrodinâmica e transporte de sedimentos em suspensão no estuário do rio Camboriú foram estudados através da realização de duas campanhas de campo em 1998 cobrindo as condições de quadratura e sizígia. O período do levantamento foi anterior à obra de construção do molhe em 2003 que alterou a morfologia da desembocadura, fornecendo assim importantes informações base sobre o sistema. Cada experimento cobriu dois ciclos de maré com medições horárias de correntes, salinidade, concentrações de sedimentos em suspensão e nível de água. Os resultados mostram que o estuário é parcialmente misturado com estrutura vertical variando em função da amplitude e fase da maré. A estrutura dinâmica do estuário é balanceada entre os efeitos estabilizadores gerados pelo gradiente vertical de densidade, que permite produzir fluxo de empuxo e estratificação, e os efeitos turbulentos gerados pelo gradiente vertical de velocidade, que gera mistura vertical. A principal fonte de sedimentos para a coluna de água são os sedimentos de fundo, periodicamente resuspendidos pelas correntes de maré. O transporte advectivo de sal e sedimentos em suspensão foi diferente entre condições de quadratura e sizígia, sendo mais complexo durante a sizígia. A circulação gravitacional e a deriva de Stokes apresentam um papel secundário nos processos de transporte estuarinos.
Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke is a tree commonly found in the Amazon region and an extract of its stem bark is popularly used as an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent and as an antidote to ...snake venom. Ursolic acid; five lupane type triterpenes: betulin, betulinic acid, lupenone, 3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid, and 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid, and three phytosteroids: stigmasterol, sitosterol and campesterol, have been isolated from stem extracts of A. amazonicus Ducke. Their structures were characterized by spectral data including COSY and HMQC. In an in vitro biological screening of the isolated compounds, 3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid was cytotoxic against the SKBR-3 human adenocarcinoma cell line (1 to 10 mg/mL), while 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid exhibited cytotoxicity against both SKBR-3 human adenocarcinoma and C-8161 human melanoma tumor cell lines (>0.1 mg/mL). In the present study, different extracts and some fractions of this plant were also investigated for trypanocidal activity due to the presence of pentacyclic triterpenes. The triterpene classes are potent against Trypanosoma cruzi. The bioassays were carried out using blood collected from Swiss albino mice by cardiac puncture during the parasitemic peak (7th day) after infection with the Y strain of T. cruzi. The results obtained showed that A. amazonicus is a potential source of bioactive compounds since its extracts and fractions isolated from it exhibited in vitro parasite lysis against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi at concentrations >100 microg/mL. Fractions containing mainly betulin, lupenone, 3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid, and 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid showed more activity than crude extracts.
The antineoplastic efficacy of anthracyclines is limited by their cardiac toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of doxorubicin, non-pegylated liposomal-delivered doxorubicin, and ...epirubicin in HL-1 adult cardiomyocytes in culture as well as in the mouse in vivo.
The cardiomyocytes were incubated with the three anthracyclines (1 µM) to assess reactive oxygen generation, DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. CF-1 mice (10/group) received doxorubicin, epirubicin or non-pegylated liposomal-doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) and cardiac function was monitored by Doppler echocardiography to measure left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) both prior to and 10 days after drug treatment.
In HL-1 cells, non-pegylated liposomal-doxorubicin generated significantly less reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as less DNA damage and apoptosis activation when compared with doxorubicin and epirubicin. Cultured breast tumor cells showed similar sensitivity to the three anthracyclines. In the healthy mouse, non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin showed a minimal and non-significant decrease in LVEF with no change in HR or CO, compared to doxorubicin and epirubicin.
This study provides evidence for reduced cardiac toxicity of non-pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin characterized by attenuation of ROS generation, DNA damage and apoptosis in comparison to epirubicin and doxorubicin.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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