We examine the relative intensity of sunspot umbrae during the period from 1986 to 2012 using photometric images from the San Fernando Observatory. We confirm the presence of a relationship between ...the mean umbral core intensity and the mean sunspot area, as found in previous studies, and do not find a notable change in this relationship between cycles 22 and 23. We looked for a possible time variation in the sunspot umbral contrast during the 27 yr covering cycles 22, 23, and the rise of cycle 24, and we did not find a significant change. These findings do not indicate that sunspots have become less dark during cycles 23 and 24.
Prominence cavities in coronal helmet streamers are readily detectable in white-light coronagraph images, yet their interpretation may be complicated by projection effects. In order to determine a ...cavity's density structure, it is essential to quantify the contribution of noncavity features along the line of sight. We model the coronal cavity as an axisymmetric torus that encircles the Sun at constant latitude and fit it to observations of a white- light cavity observed by the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) MK4 coronagraph from 2006 January 25 to 30. We demonstrate that spurious noncavity contributions (including departures from axisymmetry) are minimal enough to be incorporated in a density analysis as conservatively estimated uncertainties in the data. We calculate a radial density profile for cavity material and for the surrounding helmet streamer (which we refer to as the 'cavity rim') and find that the cavity density is depleted by a maximum of 40% compared to the surrounding helmet streamer at low altitudes (1.18 R sub(image)) but is consistently higher (double or more) than in coronal holes. We also find that the relative density depletion between cavity and surrounding helmet decreases as a function of height. We show that both increased temperature in the cavity relative to the surrounding helmet streamer and a magnetic flux rope configuration might lead to such a flattened density profile. Finally, our model provides general observational guidelines that can be used to determine when a cavity is sufficiently unobstructed to be a good candidate for plasma diagnostics.
Loss of lean body mass is a relevant component of the cachexia, or protein energy wasting (PEW), syndrome. Reduced muscle mass seems to be the most solid criterion for the presence of cachexia/PEW in ...patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and those with greater muscle mass loss have a higher risk of death. Children with CKD have many risk factors for lean mass and muscle wasting, including poor appetite, inflammation, growth hormone resistance, and metabolic acidosis. Mortality risks in patients with CKD increases as body mass index (BMI) and weight decreases. However, data regarding cachexia/PEW and muscle wasting in children with CKD is scarce due to lack of consensus in diagnostic criteria and an appropriate investigative methodology. Further research is urgently needed to address this important complication in the pediatric CKD setting, which may have fundamental impact on clinical outcomes.
Over the past 25 years, mini-invasive adrenalectomy has become the treatment of choice for most adrenal diseases, and even adrenal malignancies in selected cases. The aim of this retrospective ...evaluation is to assess the effectiveness of laparoscopic adrenalectomy as a treatment of choice for adrenal metastases.
From 2008 to 2018, 207 laparoscopic adrenalectomies have been performed in our Department of Surgery. Among these, in 12 cases the indication to adrenalectomy was metastatic adrenal lesion.
The right adrenal gland was removed in 8 cases and the left adrenal gland in 4 cases. A complete resection (R0) was achieved in all patients. The median operative time was 130.6 ± 23.3 min. The median postoperative hospitalization was 3.5±2.0 days. Only one patient showed postoperative grade II complications, according to Clavien-Dindo classification. All patients underwent follow-up at 6-12-18 months without showing disease recurrence. There was no intra and perioperative mortality. Conversion to laparotomic surgery has never been performed. Mean tumor size was 2.4 cm ±1.6 cm.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastasis permits to achieve similar results to the open approach in term of oncological outcomes, but gaining in terms of postoperative hospitalization, intra and post-operative complications as well a greater patient compliance.
Злочини проти людяності: поняття та ознаки M. G. Toma
Науковий вісник Ужгородського національного університету. Серія Право,
04/2024, Letnik:
2, Številka:
81
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Актуальність статті є очевидною оскільки жахливі злочини РФ на території України сколихнули не тільки українське суспільств а і весь світ. Російські військовослужбовці та їх командування вчиняють ...широкомасштабні та системні напади на цивільне населення – жорстокі вбивства, катування, тортури, зґвалтування, поневолення, винищення, депортації, тюремне ув’язнення, злочин апартеїду та інші жорстокі за своїм характером протиправні діяння спрямовані проти народу України. Актуальність дослідження також пов’язана з тим, що Кримінальний кодекс України (далі – КК України) не містить визначення злочинів проти людяності, на відміну від інших злочинів до прикладу військових чи воєнних. Спробуємо розібратися, як будуть кваліфіковані дії злочинців українськими судами та хто буде притягнутий до кримінальної відповідальності на міжнародному рівні у разі встановлення вчинення злочинів проти людяності в Україні. «Злочини проти людяності» як окрема група злочинів у міжнародному праві вперше знайшло своє відображення в об’єднаній декларації урядів Франції, Великобританії та Росії 28 травня 1915 року як протест проти геноциду, який вчинявся Туреччиною по відношенню до вірменського населення. Наслідком злочинних подій було вбивство більше мільйону осіб, що спонукало міжнародну спільноту дати назву цьому ганебному акту як «злочин проти цивілізації та людяності», за який керівні особи турецького уряду мали б понести відповідальність. Злочини проти людяності – це злочини, які покликані знищити саму природу людини. Ці злочини вважають найжахливішими злочинами, адже вони означають усвідомлені масові вбивства або за фактом самого існування людей (злочини проти людяності), або за фактом приналежності до етнічної чи національної групи (геноцид). В ряді міжнародних документів, таких як: Статут Нюрнберзького Міжнародного воєнного трибуналу, стаття 6с; Хартія Міжнародного воєнного трибуналу в Токіо, стаття 5с; Закон № 10, прийнятий Контрольною радою союзних держав у Німеччині в 1945 р., стаття II, 1с; Конвенція ООН від 9 грудня 1948 р. Про попередження злочину геноциду та покарання за нього; Статути міжнародних кримінальних трибуналів по Югославії, ст. 3-5 та Руанді ст. 2-3; Статут міжнародного кримінального суду, ст. 7, відображені такі міжнародні злочини, як злочини проти людяності, з цього і випливає, що на злочини проти людяності розповсюджується універсальна юрисдикція.
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) comprise a large family of key defence enzymes against xenobiotic toxicity. Here we describe the comprehensive characterisation of this important multigene family in ...the model monocot species rice Oryza sativa(L.). Furthermore, we investigate the molecular evolution of the family based on the analysis of (1) the patterns of within-genome duplication, and (2) the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary divergence among rice, Arabidopsis, maize and soybean GSTs. By in-silico screening of the EST and genome divisions of the Genbank/EMBL/DDBJ database we have isolated 59 putative genes and two pseudogenes, making this the largest plant GST family characterised to date. Of these, 38 (62%) are represented by genomic and EST sequences and 23 (38%) are known only from their genomic sequences. A preliminary survey of EST collections shows a large degree of variability in gene expression between different tissues and environmental conditions, with a small number of genes (13) accounting for 80% of all ESTs. Rice GSTs are organised in four main phylogenetic classes, with 91% of all rice genes belonging to the two plant-specific classes Tau (40 genes) and Phi (16 genes). Pairwise identity scores range between 17 and 98% for proteins of the same class, and 7 and 21% for interclass comparisons. Rapid evolution by gene duplication is suggested by the discovery of two large clusters of 7 and 23 closely related genes on chromosomes 1 and 10, respectively. A comparison of the complete GST families in two monocot and two dicot species suggests a monophyletic origin for all Theta and Zeta GSTs, and no more than three common ancestors for all Phi and Tau genes.
The KASCADE experiment measures extensive air showers induced by cosmic rays in the energy range around the so-called knee. The data of KASCADE have been used in a composition analysis showing the ...knee at 3–5
PeV to be caused by a steepening in the light-element spectra T. Antoni et al., (KASCADE Coll.), Astropart. Phys. 24 (2005) 1–25. Since the applied unfolding analysis depends crucially on simulations of air showers, different high-energy hadronic interaction models (QGSJet and SIBYLL) were used. The results have shown a strong dependence of the relative abundance of the individual mass groups on the underlying model. In this update of the analysis we apply the unfolding method with a different low energy interaction model (FLUKA instead of GHEISHA) in the simulations. While the resulting individual mass group spectra do not change significantly, the overall description of the measured data improves by using the FLUKA model. In addition data in a larger range of zenith angle are analysed. The new results are completely consistent, i.e. there is no hint to any severe problem in applying the unfolding analysis method to KASCADE data.
Primary aldosteronism (PA) represents the main cause of endocrine secondary arterial hypertension in which aldosterone production is inappropriately elevated. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an ...endocrine disease characterized by hypercalcemia due to overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although these two endocrine pathologies are secondary to hypertension in middle aged population, the occurrence of the PHPT in PA patients has rarely reported in the literature. The aim of the study was to describe some PA patients with concurrent PHPT, referred in a tertiary center of arterial hypertension.
We performed a retrospective study. In particular, the registry of 306 patients with PA seen in our center since 2004 was examined and revealed 8 patients (2.6%) with concurrent PHPT.
There are several possible explanations for the association of these two endocrine disorders, including the combination was a random finding that PA inheres PHPT or vice versa.
Jejunal adenocarcinoma is a very rare disease but the frequency of this rare carcinoma is higher in celiac patients. We report the first case report of a second jejunal loop adenocarcinoma associated ...with celiac disease.
A 47-year-old woman, with a history of celiac disease. Computerized tomographic scans of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a severe retroperitoneal lymphoadenopathy, para-aortic, inter-aorto-caval, porto-caval, posterior pancreaticoduodenal space, celiac trunk, lesser gastric curvature, lymph node grouping. The patient underwent digiunal resection and regional lymphadenectomy. Diagnosis was poorly differentiated jejunal adenocarcinoma, infiltrating subserosal adipose tissue, metastasing in five out of eight regional lymph nodes. U.I.C.C. 2017 grading = pT3 pN2 G3 R0; Stage IIIB.
The jejunum accounts for 11-25% of small bowel adenocarcinoma, that accounts for less than 5% of gastrointestinal cancer, notwithstanding that 90% of the mucosa surface area of the digestive tract is made by small intestine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a second loop jejunal adenocarcinoma complicating celiac disease. In our study, the diagnosis of cancer was made by computed tomography (CT) of abdomen and the patient was operated. For the diagnosis of small bowel tumour, CT enteroclysis has a sensitivity of 85-95% and a specificity of 90-96%. Complete resection (RO) of the jejunal adenocarcinoma, with regional lymph nodes resection and jejuno-jejunal anastomosis should be performed.
After curative surgical resections of small bowel adenocarcinoma, adjuvant chemo-therapy has not shown a clear benefit in retrospective studies. Preoperative Chemo-Radio-therapy and careful Imaging Staging are the first steps to planning surgery.
The aim of this retrospective evaluation is to assess the current role of open adrenalectomy, in particular in cases of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC).
From January 2009 to May 2019, 26 open out of ...233 adrenalectomies were performed in our Academic Department. Open adrenalectomy was performed by the anterior approach. A midline abdominal incision or a subcostal surgical incision was used to reach the peritoneal cavity. The resection was defined R0 if the margins of the sample were negative for malignancy.
Open adrenalectomy was performed in 26 patients: 10 men and 16 women with a mean age of 61±25.3 years and a mean BMI of 28.4±2.9. The right adrenal gland was removed in 15 cases Romaand the left in 11 cases.We reported 18 diagnosis of malignant pathology. The other diagnosis concerned 5 cases of pheochromocytoma, 1 case of Cushing's disease and 2 cases of hyperaldosteronism. Mean tumor size was 7.7±5.5. Mean operative time was 160 min (range=110-205 minutes). Mean postoperative stay was 7±2 days. Only 3 (10%) patient showed postoperative grade II complications, according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Midline abdominal incision was used in 18 patients, subcostalsurgical incision in 5 patients and bilateral subcostal surgical incision in 3 patients. 3 right nephrectomy was necessary to remove the entire tumor mass. An en bloc R0 tumor resection was accomplished in all cases.There was no intra and perioperative mortality. All patients recovered well from surgery. The mean follow-up period was 15 (range=6-48) months.
In conclusion, our retrospective study points out the role of open adrenalectomy as the treatment of choice in selected cases with known or suspected malignant adrenal tumors and with size greater than 12 cm.
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