•Organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilizers were used for fertilization of apple orchard with ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ cultivar.•Manure improved yield per tree and yield efficiency, whereas ...the highest tree size was observed in control treatment.•Fertilizers had less impact on the fruit physical properties compared to chemical ones.•Compound NPK, organo-mineral ITP fertilizer and manure induced ideal balanced leaf nutritional values.•PCA can be a very useful tool for segregating fertilizers which induced the best tree growth, fruit physico-chemical traits and antioxidant activity of apple.
This work was carried out to obtain data about the vegetative growth, productivity, fruit external and internal quality and leaf nutrient composition of apple cv. ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ from different fertilization regimes, with reference to their role in tree and fruit growth and development, especially for their specific recommendations. Organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilizers were applied to soil during three consecutive years. Results showed that organo-mineral fertilizer called Italpolina (ITP) and N fertilizer called calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) increased TPC, antioxidant activity, acidity, FW and D. Compound NPK induced the best values of SSC, TS and IS contents and TFC. Urea as a physiologically acidic N fertilizer mostly affected TS/TA and SSC/TA ratios. Interestingly, manure conditioned the best values of yield per tree and unit area and YE, while the greatest tree vigor was found in the control treatment (without fertilization). In paradox, the lowest tree growth was observed by CAN and compound NPK, i.e. fertilizers with high N contents. Compound NPK, organo-mineral ITP fertilizer and manure induced ideal balanced leaf nutritional values, followed by CAN and urea. Besides, it is highly important that experts and growers are encouraging the application and use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers to increase soil fertility and its quality. Thus, the applied fertilizers behaved differently in terms of the impact on the tested properties. One improved agronomic properties, while the other improved pomological traits, nutritional value of fruits and the amount of elements in the leaf. However, cattle manure, organo-mineral Italpolina and compound NPK fertilizer could be recommended generally for fertilizing the ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ apple on M.9 T337 in similar soil and climatic conditions. PCA can be a useful tool for segregation fertilizers that have the best influence on tree growth, productivity and apple fruit quality.
•Quality attributes and antioxidant activity of sour cherry were evaluated as affected by clonal rootstock.•Fruit of sour cherry cv. ‘Šumadinka’ differed in reaction to rootstocks.•Dwarf and semi ...dwarf rootstocks induced better fruit physical traits, SSC and TA with exception of flesh rate.•Invigorating rootstocks induced higher level of secondary metabolites contents.•MaxMa 14 rootstock induced the best phenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity.
In 2018 and 2019, we evaluated the influence of seven clonal rootstocks (Colt, MaxMa 14, Krymsk 6, Adara, Cigančica, Gisela 5 and Gisela 6) with different vigour on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAc), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and main fruit physical properties of ‘Šumadinka’ sour cherry. In particular, ‘Šumadinka’ on Gisela 5, especially on Gisela 6 had the highest fruit and stone weight, fruit dimensions and ripening index (RI) value. MaxMa 14 as a semi-dwarf rootstock induced the best values of all phenolic compounds evaluated and TAC, whereas Gisela 5 as a dwarf rootstock promoted the poorest levels of these compounds and antioxidant activity. Krymsk 6 and Colt induced the highest and similar flesh rate, whereas Adara promoted the lowest. Cigančica induced the highest soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), but poor phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity. In general, the more vigorous rootstocks produced significantly lower fruit weight, fruit size, SSC and TA, but induced better content of phenolic compounds in comparison with semi-dwarf and dwarf rootstocks, respectively.
During three consecutive years we investigated the influence of seedlings of Myrobalan, Stanley and Green Gage as rootstocks on main fruit physical and chemical properties of four European plums ...(‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Čačanski Šećer’ and ‘Stanley’) grown under ecological conditions of Čačak (Serbia). Results showed that significant differences in most properties such as fruit weight (FW) and its size and shape, stone weight (SW), soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), total sugars (TS), ripening index (RI) and sweetness index (IS) were examined among rootstocks. Influence of these rootstock on flesh rate (FRa) or flesh/stone ratio in cultivars evaluated was not significant. In the case of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, rootstocks had not capacity to change sphericity (φ) and TA. Seedlings of Myrobalan improved only SW in ‘Čačanski Šećer’ and TA in all cultivars. In all other cases this rootstock decreased values of evaluated traits. The best fruit physical and chemical properties of plums were achieved by seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley alone or alongside. Despite the higher TA contents in fruits on Myrobalan and its tendency to induce higher SW in some cultivars, the smaller sized fruits together with the less attractive fruit shape resulted in a non-interesting rootstock for plums in our growing conditions. Interesting and positive behavior of cultivars were found for quality parameters when grafted on seedlings of Green Gage and Stanley, respectively.
The impact of seven clonal rootstocks (Colt, MaxMa 14, Krymsk 6, Adara, Cigančica, Gisela 5, and Gisela 6) and one local plum (Myrobalan seedlings) on yield, fruit weight, leaf mineral content at ...120 days after full bloom (DAFB), and deviation from optimum percentage (DOP) for macro- and microelements of the ‘Šumadinka’ sour cherry cultivar was evaluated in orchard conditions for two consecutive years. Results showed that yield was higher on Adara, Gisela 5 and MaxMa 14, intermediate on Cigančica and Krymsk 6, and lower on Colt, Gisela 6, and Myrobalan rootstocks. The average fruit weight (FW) was highest on Gisela 6 and lowest on Myrobalan seedlings, and FW was higher in the second year of the trial. Significant effect of rootstock was found on the leaf mineral analysis properties evaluated. Thus, Adara showed the best capacity to uptake and translocate to the scion leaves for most macro- and microelements, whereas the poorest nutritional status was, in general, obtained for Myrobalan, probably due to the incidence of graft incompatibility disturbances with the ‘Šumadinka’ cultivar. MaxMa 14 showed the best balanced nutritional values (ΣDOP) whereas the wider imbalance among elements was induced by Myrobalan seedlings. ‘Krymsk 6’ had, in general, lower values for most leaf mineral elements but higher ΣDOP macro and ΣDOP micro-indexes, showing more unbalanced nutritional index than the rest of rootstocks, with the exception of Myrobolan, and both of them followed by Colt. This work demonstrates that the rootstock strongly influences some important sour cherry attributes such as yield, fruit size, leaf macro- and microelements. The significant positive correlations between yield and mineral elements as Mn and Ca could indicate the interest of rootstocks having higher absorption and uptake for these elements in the present growing conditions. Considering their overall performance and tolerance to heavy and acidic soils, and according to the PCA results, Adara, MaxMa 14, and Gisela 6 appear as new promising rootstocks and can be recommended for sour cherries growing under similar soil conditions. We believe that sufficient information on the influence of different rootstocks on yield, fruit size, and leaf mineral composition of sour cherry would enable less ambiguous comparisons within and among them and ensure the best choice for growing a specific cultivar in similar environmental conditions.
Vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality attributes and antioxidant activity of ‘Angeleno’, ‘T.C. Sun’ and ‘Black Amber’ Japanese plum cultivars were studied over a 7‑year period after planting. The ...experiment was performed in the Prislonica village (Čačak, Serbia), on a sandy-loam and acidic soil and moderate climate. The cultivars were grafted on Myrobalan rootstock and grown under a high density planting system with 1250 trees ha
−1
. Significant differences in parameters evaluated such as tree vigour, productivity, fruit physical traits, chemical composition and antioxidant activity were examined between cultivars. The highest tree vigour (TCSA) was observed in ‘Angeleno’, final yield per tree in ‘Black Amber’ and cumulative yield and yield efficiency in ‘T.C. Sun’. In general, the best physical properties were found in ‘Black Amber’ and ‘T.C. Sun’. ‘Angeleno’ showed the highest soluble solids content (SSC), whereas ‘Black Amber’ had the highest titratable acidity (TA). ‘Angeleno’ and ‘T.C. Sun’ had similar and better ripening index than ‘Black Amber’. However, ‘Black Amber’ was the cultivar with the statistically higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (TAC) compared to the other two plums. The flesh rate (FRa) significantly and positively correlated with TA and TAC, whereas negative correlation was observed between SSC and TFC. The most important variables integrated in the first principal component (PC1) were yield per tree, FRa, flesh firmness, SSC, TA, ripening index, TPC, TFC and TAC, whereas PC2 explains TCSA, fruit weight and fruit shape index (sphericity).
•Twenty seven natural cornelian cherry accessions were evaluated under Serbian conditions.•Nineteen main fruit physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity was investigated.•Mean values ...of parameters showed a highly significant difference among accessions.•The superior fruit physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity had ‘AFTM 1′, ‘AFTM 7′, ‘AFTM 8′, ‘AFTM 10′, ‘AFTM 4′, ‘AFTM 18′ and ‘AFTM 19′ accessions.•PCA can be a very useful tool for segregating natural accessions with the best fruit physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity.
From 2018–2020, we evaluated main fruit phisico-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of 27 natural cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) accessions selected at western Serbia. The results indicated significant differences in FW, SW, Dg, L/D ratio, φ, FRa, SA and FV and contents of primary metabolites, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity among accessions. In general, the best fruit physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity had ‘AFTM 1′, ‘AFTM 7′, ‘AFTM 8′, ‘AFTM 10′, ‘AFTM 18′ and ‘AFTM 19′ although there were similarities between certain accessions in the values of the evaluated traits. The ‘AFTM 1′ characterized with the highest FW, FRa, both fruit dimensions, Dg, SA, FV, TAc and TPC and with the lowest SSC. The highest SSC had ‘AFTM 14′. The lowest values of all fruit physical traits were registered in ‘AFTM 6′. This accession had good TPC. The ‘AFTM 18′ had the best antioxidant capacity, whereas ‘AFTM 19′ had the highest TFC. The worst vitamin C content, TAc and TPC had ‘AFTM 21′ and ‘AFTM 24′, respectively, whereas the lowest TFC and TAC were registered in ‘AFTM 11′. The highest RI was found in ‘AFTM 8′ and ‘AFTM 10′. The most acidic fruits had ‘AFTM 11′ and ‘AFTM 27′. The ‘AFTM 27′ had the lowest RI, whereas ‘AFTM 24′ had the worst TPC and TFC. The fruit physical characteristics correlated significantly and positively with each other. However, correlations between fruit physical traits and content of primary and/or secondary metabolites were not significant in most cases or were of weak intensity, indicating that larger fruits were generally poorer in phytochemicals content. PCA can be a very useful tool for segregating natural accessions with the best fruit physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity.
Aim of study: This study was conducted to determine the suitability of seven clonal and one seedling rootstocks for grafting of sour cherry cv. ‘Šumadinka’ trough early tree growth, precocity, ...productivity and fruit quality. Aim of study: To evaluate the suitability of seven clonal rootstocks and one seedling rootstocks for grafting the sour cherry cv. ‘Šumadinka’ based on early tree development, precocity, productivity and fruit quality. Area of study: A sour cherry orchard in village Prislonica, Serbia, near Čačak city. Material and methods: The sour cherry cultivar ‘Šumadinka’ was grafted onto Colt, MaxMa 14, Krymsk 6, Adara, Cigančica, Gisela 5, Gisela 6 and Myrobalan rootstocks. Standard and validated procedures were used to measure tree growth, productivity (from 2017 to 2020), leaf area, fruit physical properties and fruit chemical composition (from 2019 to 2020). Main results: Significant differences were observed among rootstocks in leaf and petiole dimensions, leaf area, tree vigour, yield, fruit size, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sugars and vitamin C contents, ripening and sweetness indexes. Trees grafted on Adara exhibited the highest tree vigour, while those on Gisela 6 produced the largest fruit size. On the other hand, Colt trees generally displayed the highest sugar content and sweetness index. Adara also showed improvements in fruit quality characteristics, whereas the properties associated with Myrobalan received the lowest evaluation scores. Research highlights: Adara rootstock demonstrated good adaptability to heavy and acidic soil conditions in Serbia, even though it was originally selected for cherry cultivation in heavy, waterlogged, and calcareous soils in Spain. This adaptability likely contributed to its higher vigour, yield, yield efficiency and good fruit quality.
•Ten fig accessions were evaluated under atypical climatic conditions in Čačak region, Serbia.•Nineteen main fruit physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity was investigated.•Mean ...values of parameters showed a highly significant difference between accessions.•Dark skin fruits had better chemical traits and antioxidant power, whereas accessions with lighter skin have better fruit size.
During two consecutive years, we investigated main physical and chemical properties of 10 native fig accessions grown in situ under atypical i.e. moderate climate of Serbia. This study represents the first detailed research on the analysis of different types of fig accessions and evaluation of their main fruit quality attributes. Results showed that all evaluated traits significantly varied among accessions, whereas influence of year and interaction accession × year was minor. Fruit weight (FW) and fruit size were much higher in lighter accessions compared to dark colored ones. Three accessions (‘TMAF 5’, ‘TMAF 9’ and ‘TMAF 10’) had soluble solids content (SSC) higher than 20°Brix. ‘TMAF 8’ with brighter skin had the sweetest fruits compared to the rest. ‘TMAF 7’ accession with yellow-green skin had smaller values of SSC, pH juice, ripening index (RI) and ash and low to moderate titratable acidity (TA). This accession also had the lowest content of phenolic compounds. In contrast, dark skin fruits exhibited a higher total polyphenol content (TPC) compared to lighter fruits. The majority of significant correlation coefficients were found in the characteristics representing FW with fruit dimensions i.e. fruit size and fruit shape indexes. Also, strong correlations between the amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids (TFC), antioxidant capacity (TAC), chlorophylls (a, b) and carotenoids were found. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components explained 82.20% of the total variation, where fruit physical and chemical traits contributed most of the total variation. Since the knowledge and experience about growing figs in Serbia is extremely modest, it is necessary to continue testing in the future.
