Objectives: Many studies have shown consistent associations between evident indoor dampness or mold and respiratory or allergic health effects, but causal links remain unclear. Findings on measured ...microbiologie factors have received little review. We conducted an updated, comprehensive review on these topics. Data Sources: We reviewed eligible peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies or quantitative metaanalyses, up to late 2009, on dampness, mold, or other microbiologie agents and respiratory or allergic effects. Data Extraction: We evaluated evidence for causation or association between qualitative/subjective assessments of dampness or mold (considered together) and specific health outcomes. We separately considered evidence for associations between specific quantitative measurements of microbiologie factors and each health outcome. Data Synthesis: Evidence from epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses showed indoor dampness or mold to be associated consistently with increased asthma development and exacerbation, current and ever diagnosis of asthma, dyspnea, wheeze, cough, respiratory infections, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and upper respiratory tract symptoms. Associations were found in allergic and nonallergic individuals. Evidence strongly suggested causation of asthma exacerbation in children. Suggestive evidence was available for only a few specific measured microbiologic factors and was in part equivocal, suggesting both adverse and protective associations with health. Conclusions: Evident dampness or mold had consistent positive associations with multiple allergic and respiratory effects. Measured microbiologic agents in dust had limited suggestive associations, including both positive and negative associations for some agents. Thus, prevention and remediation of indoor dampness and mold are likely to reduce health risks, but current evidence does not support measuring specific indoor microbiologic factors to guide health-protective actions.
A new synthetic route toward the tetrazole core is described, which is based on a general fragmentation pattern that was found in a range of compounds featuring geminal diazido units. Through a ...simple two‐step procedure, the synthesis of structurally diverse target compounds containing a tetrazole, such as tetrazoloquinoxalinones, benzoylaryltetrazoles, tetrazolotriazinones, and tetrazoloazepinones, was easily accomplished, starting from broadly accessible substrates (i.e., oxindoles, diarylethanones, pyrazolones, and phenanthrols). The initial oxidative diazidation reaction with iodine and sodium azide under mild conditions is followed by the thermal fragmentation under microwave irradiation, leading to the tetrazole products. Noteworthy, an experimental solution is presented in which the potentially hazardous diazide intermediates are not isolated and the concentration of crude reaction mixtures containing diazides is not required to achieve the tetrazoles in good yields.
Tetrazoles by thermolysis: Four different classes of tetrazole‐containing heterocycles are easily accessible from enolizable carbonyls, including tetrazoloquinoxalinones, benzoylaryltetrazoles, tetrazolotriazinones, and tetrazoloazepinones (see scheme). The two‐step protocol consists of oxidative diazidation and subsequent thermolysis.
Photoexcited dihydronicotinamides like NADH and analogues have been found to generate alkyl radicals upon reductive decarboxylation of redox-active esters without auxiliary photocatalysts. This ...principle allowed aliphatic photocoupling between redox-active carboxylate derivatives and electron-poor olefins, displaying surprising water and air-tolerance and unusually high coupling rates in dilute conditions. The orthogonality of the reaction in the presence of other carboxylic acids and its utility in the functionalization of DNA is presented, notably using visible light in combination with NADH, the ubiquitous reductant of life.
Display omitted
A novel class of mesoionic pyrido1,2-apyrimidinones has been discovered with exceptional insecticidal activity controlling a number of insect species, particularly hemiptera and ...lepidoptera. Mode-of-action studies showed that they act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) primarily as inhibitors. Here we report the discovery, evolution, and preparation of this class of chemistry. Our efforts in structure–activity relationship elucidation and biological activity evaluation are also presented.
Recognizing the importance of building disaster resilience for education sector, this study aims to develop a methodology to measure the level of educational resilience to cope with natural disasters ...and is then applied in Central Vietnam. The assessment tool in this paper is developed through a combination of climate disaster resilience indexes and the 16 tasks of Hyogo framework for action designed for education sector. It looks at five dimensions namely physical conditions, human resources, institutional issues, external relationships, and natural conditions, with each dimension characterized by three parameters and five variables. Findings from this study provide important insights into enhancing resilience of the education system in Thua Thien Hue at the provincial, local, and school levels. By giving the overall resilience situation, it can help policy-makers and practitioners in developing an effective plan to increase the level of educational resilience. In addition, it provides the School Management Board with a means to assess the school’s resilience level and set out priorities that need to be focused on with regard to the improvement of school safety and disaster risk reduction education.
Can Gio district is located in the coastal area of Ho Chi Minh City, southern Vietnam. Discharge of wastewater from Ho Chi Minh City and neighboring provinces to the rivers of Can Gio has led to ...concerns about the accumulation of trace metals (As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the coastal sediments. The main objective of this study was to assess the distribution of As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface and core sediments and to evaluate the contamination status in relation to local background values, as well as the potential release of these selected trace metals from sediments to the water environment. Sediment characteristization, including determination of fine fraction, pH, organic matter, and major elements (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, and S), was carried out to investigate which parameters affect the trace metal enrichment. Fine fraction and Al contents were found to be the controlling proxies affecting the distribution of trace metals while other sediment characteristics did not show any clear influence on trace metals’ distribution. Although As concentrations in the sediments were much higher compared to its reference value in other areas, the enrichment factor based on local background values suggests minor contamination of this element as well as for Cr, Cu, and Pb. Risk assessment suggested a medium to very high risk of Mn, Zn, and Ni under acidification. Of importance is also that trace metals in sediments were not easily mobilized by organic complexation based on their low extractabilities by ammonium-EDTA extraction.
Isoxazoline insecticides have been shown to be potent blockers of insect GABA receptors with excellent activity on a broad pest range, including Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Herein we report on the ...synthesis, biological activity and mode-of-action for a class of 4-heterocyclic aryl isoxazoline insecticides.
Display omitted
•Patterned substrate can enhance the light absorption leading to improve the optoelectronic devices’ performance.•The mechanism of light absorbed enhancement due to substrate ...architecting was verified.•The photocurrent of patterned photodetector was higher than that of flat one.
ZnO is one of the most fascinating and cost-effective materials for numerous applications, especially optoelectronics. To improve its properties and performance, many techniques have been developed, in which doping and surface engineering are usually of interest. Recently, combining techniques for further enhancement has got significant attention but not fully explored. In this study, a new combination to widen the light absorbance of ZnO nanorods (NRs) is introduced. This combination is based on (i) doping of Mn and (ii) substrate architecting. Patterned substrates are formed with master molds as digital video disc (DVD) and lotus leaf through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding. Mn-doped ZnO NRs were then hydrothermally grown on them at low temperatures. For investigate their morphology, structure and optical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were employed. The obtained results show that the Mn-doped ZnO samples with the patterned substrates own a remarkable increase (> 40%) in the visible light absorbance as compared to that with the flat substrate due to an increment of light scattering. Besides, a photodetector is fabricated based on the optimized patterning PDMS substrate with the active material of Mn doped ZnO NRs. The results show that the photocurrent of patterning device is 3.8 time higher than that of flat substrate. Overall, our approach for growing Mn-doped ZnO NRs on 3D patterned structures at low temperature is promising for optical applications such as flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices.
PDF
![Mesoionic pyrido[1,2-a]pyri...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0960-894X/small "Mesoionic pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidinones: A novel class of insecticides inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors")
