Due to its significant applications in many relevant fields, light detection in the solar‐blind deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) wavelength region is a subject of great interest for both scientific and ...industrial communities. The rapid advances in preparing high‐quality ultrawide‐bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors have enabled the realization of various high‐performance DUV photodetectors (DUVPDs) with different geometries, which provide an avenue for circumventing numerous disadvantages in traditional DUV detectors. This article presents a comprehensive review of the applications of inorganic UWBG semiconductors for solar‐blind DUV light detection in the past several decades. Different kinds of DUVPDs, which are based on varied UWBG semiconductors including Ga2O3, MgxZn1−xO, III‐nitride compounds (AlxGa1−xN/AlN and BN), diamond, etc., and operate on different working principles, are introduced and discussed systematically. Some emerging techniques to optimize device performance are addressed as well. Finally, the existing techniques are summarized and future challenges are proposed in order to shed light on development in this critical research field.
Recent advances in developing solar‐blind deep ultraviolet light (DUV) photodetectors based on various inorganic ultrawide‐bandgap semiconductors are reviewed, such as Ga2O3, MgxZn1−xO, III‐nitride compounds (AlxGa1−xN/AlN and BN), and diamonds.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of tumor cells that exhibit properties similar to those of normal stem cells. Oxygen is an important regulator of ...cellular metabolism; hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate metabolic switches in cells in hypoxic environments. Hypoxia clearly has the potential to exert a significant effect on the maintenance and evolution of CSCs. Both HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α may contribute to the regulation of cellular adaptation to hypoxia and resistance to cancer therapies. This review provides an overview of the roles of HIFs in CSCs. HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α have significant prognostic and predictive value in the clinic and the concept of personalized medicine should be applied in designing clinical trials for HIF inhibitors.
Nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable and promising nanomaterial owing to its unique structures, superb properties, and natural abundance. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the current ...research activities that center on the development of nanocellulose for advanced electrochemical energy storage. We begin with a brief introduction of the structural features of cellulose nanofibers within the cell walls of cellulose resources. We then focus on a variety of processes that have been explored to fabricate nanocellulose with various structures and surface chemical properties. Next, we highlight a number of energy storage systems that utilize nanocellulose-derived materials, including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. In this section, the main focus is on the integration of nanocellulose with other active materials, developing films/aerogel as flexible substrates, and the pyrolyzation of nanocellulose to carbon materials and their functionalization by activation, heteroatom-doping, and hybridization with other active materials. Finally, we present our perspectives on several issues that need further exploration in this active research field in the future.
Nanocellulose from various kinds of sources and nanocellulose-derived materials have been developed for electrochemical energy storage, including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and sodium-ion batteries.
Background
The association between dietary protein intake and constipation remains inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary protein intake is associated with ...constipation.
Methods
This cross‐sectional study included 13,941 adults from the 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A weighted logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding factors. In addition, weighted interaction and stratified analyses were conducted to ascertain the potential modifying factors.
Results
The prevalence of constipation was 7.5% when constipation was defined by stool consistency and 3.5% when constipation was defined by stool frequency. After adjusting for covariates, an increase in dietary protein intake of 10 g was not associated with constipation, as defined by stool frequency (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.54, 1.62) or stool consistency (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.75, 1.39). Subgroup analyses revealed that dietary protein intake was associated with an increase in constipation defined by stool consistency risk in participants who consumed a low amount of carbohydrates (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02–1.14 for every 10‐g increase in protein intake), but a decrease in risk in participants in the moderate‐carbohydrate group (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89–0.99 for every 10‐g increase in protein intake), suggesting a significant interaction (p = 0.001).
Conclusion & Inferences
Dietary protein intake is not associated with stool consistency or frequency‐defined constipation. However, the association between dietary protein intake and constipation defined by stool consistency in participants with a low carbohydrate intake differed from that in participants with a moderate carbohydrate intake.
The association between dietary protein intake and constipation was not significant, but dietary carbohydrate intake was an effect modifier of this relationship. Among participants who consumed moderate amounts of carbohydrates, increased dietary protein consumption was associated with a reduced risk of constipation (defined by stool consistency); in the low‐carbohydrate group, increased dietary protein consumption increased the risk of constipation (defined by stool consistency). However, the association between dietary protein intake and stool frequency‐defined constipation among most subgroups was not significant.
Limited by 2D geometric morphology and low bulk packing density, developing graphene‐based flexible/compressible supercapacitors with high specific capacitances (gravimetric/volumetric/areal), ...especially at high rates, is an outstanding challenge. Here, a strategy for the synthesis of free‐standing graphene ribbon films (GRFs) for high‐performance flexible and compressible supercapacitors through blade‐coating of interconnected graphene oxide ribbons and a subsequent thermal treatment process is reported. With an ultrahigh mass loading of 21 mg cm−2, large ion‐accessible surface area, efficient electron and ion transport pathways as well as high packing density, the compressed multilayer‐folded GRF films (F‐GRF) exhibit ultrahigh areal capacitance of 6.7 F cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2, high gravimetric/volumetric capacitances (318 F g−1, 293 F cm−3), and high rate performance (3.9 F cm−2 at 105 mA cm−2), as well as excellent cycling stability (109% of capacitance retention after 40 000 cycles). Furthermore, the assembled F‐GRF symmetric supercapacitor with compressible and flexible characteristics, can deliver an ultrahigh areal energy density of 0.52 mWh cm−2 in aqueous electrolyte, almost two times higher than the values obtained from symmetric supercapacitors with comparable dimensions.
Free‐standing graphene ribbon film with an extremely high areal mass loading (21 mg cm−2), large ion‐accessible surface area, efficient electron and ion transport pathways as well as high packing density, show an ultrahigh areal capacitance and high gravimetric/volumetric capacitances, as well as excellent rate performance and cycling stability.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades the alveoli, where abundant alveolar macrophages (AMs) reside. How AMs respond to SARS-CoV-2 invasion remains elusive. Here, we ...show that classically activated M1 AMs facilitate viral spread; however, alternatively activated M2 AMs limit the spread. M1 AMs utilize cellular softness to efficiently take up SARS-CoV-2. Subsequently, the invaded viruses take over the endo-lysosomal system to escape. M1 AMs have a lower endosomal pH, favoring membrane fusion and allowing the entry of viral RNA from the endosomes into the cytoplasm, where the virus achieves replication and is packaged to be released. In contrast, M2 AMs have a higher endosomal pH but a lower lysosomal pH, thus delivering the virus to lysosomes for degradation. In hACE2 transgenic mouse model, M1 AMs are found to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection of the lungs. These findings provide insights into the complex roles of AMs during SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with potential therapeutic targets.
Three‐dimensional carbon nanotube/graphene sandwich structures with CNT pillars grown in between the graphene layers have been developed by chemical vapor deposition. The special structure endows the ...high‐rate transportation of electrolyte ions and electrons throughout the electrode matrix, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance of this hybrid material.
Let $ O_{K} = \mathbb{Z}i $. For each positive integer $ n $, denote $ \xi_{K}(n) $ as the number of integral ideals whose norm divides $ n $ in $ O_{K} $. In this paper, we studied the distribution ...of ideals whose norm divides $ n $ in $ O_{K} $ by using the Selberg-Delange method. This is a natural variant of a result studied by Deshouillers, Dress, and Tenenbaum (often called the DDT Theorem), and we found that the distribution function was subject to beta distribution with density $ \sqrt{3}/(2\pi\sqrt3{u^{2}(1-u)}) $.
A facile one-step pyrolysis and activation synthesis method is utilized to convert a common biomass of willow catkin into interconnected porous carbon nanosheets (PCNs), and then followed by ...effective nitrogen and sulfur co-doping. Owing to the unique hollow and multilayered structure of willow catkin fiber, the pore structure of obtained carbons can be controlled by adjusting the mass ratio of raw material to alkali. As a result, the nitrogen and sulfur co-doped PCNs demonstrate a high specific capacitance of 298Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 and 233Fg−1 at 50Ag−1, revealing excellent rate performance. In addition, the electrode demonstrates superb cycling stability with only 2% capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, the assembled symmetric cell with a wide voltage range of 1.8V yields a remarkable specific energy of 21.0Whkg−1 at 180Wkg−1. These exciting results exhibit a green and low-cost design of electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors.
The willow catkin derived nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon nanosheets (N,S-PCNs1-1) are prepared by a facile one-step pyrolysis and activation synthesis method, and then followed by effective nitrogen and sulfur co-doping. As a result, the as-obtained carbon processes cross-linked graphene-like structure with high specific surface area and interconnected pore texture, resulting in high specific capacitance, excellent rate performance and cycling stability.
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•Willow catkin is effectively converted into cross-linked porous carbon nanosheets.•N,S-PCNs1-1 electrode shows excellent capacitive performance.•The assembled symmetric supercapacitor exhibits high energy density.
Silent hypoxia has emerged as a unique feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we show that mucins are accumulated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 ...patients and are upregulated in the lungs of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected mice and macaques. We find that induction of either interferon (IFN)-β or IFN-γ upon SARS-CoV-2 infection results in activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling through an IDO-Kyn-dependent pathway, leading to transcriptional upregulation of the expression of mucins, both the secreted and membrane-bound, in alveolar epithelial cells. Consequently, accumulated alveolar mucus affects the blood-gas barrier, thus inducing hypoxia and diminishing lung capacity, which can be reversed by blocking AhR activity. These findings potentially explain the silent hypoxia formation in COVID-19 patients, and suggest a possible intervention strategy by targeting the AhR pathway.
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