We report sub-nanosecond switching of a metal-oxide-metal memristor utilizing a broadband 20 GHz experimental setup developed to observe fast switching dynamics. Set and reset operations were ...successfully performed in the tantalum oxide memristor using pulses with durations of 105 and 120 ps, respectively. Reproducibility of the sub-nanosecond switching was also confirmed as the device switched over consecutive cycles.
High-Speed and Low-Energy Nitride Memristors Choi, Byung Joon; Torrezan, Antonio C.; Strachan, John Paul ...
Advanced functional materials,
August 2, 2016, Letnik:
26, Številka:
29
Journal Article
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High‐performance memristors based on AlN films have been demonstrated, which exhibit ultrafast ON/OFF switching times (≈85 ps for microdevices with waveguide) and relatively low switching current ...(≈15 μA for 50 nm devices). Physical characterizations are carried out to understand the device switching mechanism, and rationalize speed and energy performance. The formation of an Al‐rich conduction channel through the AlN layer is revealed. The motion of positively charged nitrogen vacancies is likely responsible for the observed switching.
Ultrafast switching of an AlN memristor: ON switching is acheived using an 85 ps positive voltage pulse, and OFF switching using an 85 ps negative voltage pulse on the Al electrode of a Pt/AlN/Al memristor stack. A relatively low switching current (≈15 μA for 50 nm devices) has also been demonstrated in these memristors based on AlN films. The formation of an Al‐rich conduction channel through the AlN layer is revealed.
A key requirement for using memristors in circuits is a predictive model for device behavior that can be used in simulations and to guide designs. We analyze one of the most promising materials, ...tantalum oxide, for high density, low power, and high-speed memory. We perform an ensemble of measurements, including time dynamics across nine decades, to deduce the underlying state equations describing the switching in Pt/TaO x /Ta memristors. A predictive, compact model is found in good agreement with the measured data. The resulting model, compatible with SPICE, is then used to understand trends in terms of switching times and energy consumption, which in turn are important for choosing device operating points and handling interactions with other circuit elements.
By employing a precise method for locating and directly imaging the active switching region in a resistive random access memory (RRAM) device, a nanoscale conducting channel consisting of an ...amorphous Ta(O) solid solution surrounded by nearly stoichiometric Ta2O5 is observed. Structural and chemical analysis of the channel combined with temperature‐dependent transport measurements indicate a unique resistance switching mechanism.
The design and the operation of a frequency-tunable continuous-wave (CW) 330-GHz gyrotron oscillator operating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency are reported. The gyrotron ...has generated 18 W of power from a 10.1-kV 190-mA electron beam working in a TE -4,3 cylindrical mode, corresponding to an efficiency of 0.9%. The measured start oscillation current over a range of magnetic field values is in good agreement with theoretical start currents obtained from linear theory for successive high-order axial modes TE -4,3,q , where q = 1-6. Moreover, the observed frequency range in the start current measurement is in reasonable agreement with the frequency range obtained from numerical simulations. The minimum start current was measured to be 33 mA. A continuous tuning range of 1.2 GHz was experimentally observed via a combination of magnetic, voltage, and thermal tuning. The gyrotron output power and frequency stabilities were assessed to be ±0.4% and ±3 ppm, respectively, during a 110-h uninterrupted CW run. Evaluation of the gyrotron output microwave beam pattern using a pyroelectric camera indicated a Gaussian-like mode content of 92% with an ellipticity of 28%. The gyrotron will be used for 500-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with sensitivity enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization.
Highly reproducible bipolar resistance switching was recently demonstrated in a composite material of Pt nanoparticles dispersed in silicon dioxide. Here, we examine the electrical performance and ...scalability of this system and demonstrate devices with ultrafast (<100 ps) switching, long state retention (no measurable relaxation after 6 months), and high endurance (>3 × 107 cycles). A possible switching mechanism based on ion motion in the film is discussed based on these observations.
The design, operation, and characterization of a continuous-wave (CW) tunable second-harmonic 460-GHz gyrotron are reported. The gyrotron is intended to be used as a submillimeter-wave source for ...700-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with sensitivity enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization. The gyrotron operates in the whispering-gallery mode TE 11, 2 and has generated 16 W of output power with a 13-kV 100-mA electron beam. The start oscillation current measured over a range of magnetic field values is in good agreement with theoretical start currents obtained from linear theory for successive high-order axial modes TE 11, 2, q . The minimum start current is 27 mA. Power and frequency tuning measurements as a function of the electron cyclotron frequency have also been carried out. A smooth frequency tuning range of 1 GHz was obtained for the operating second-harmonic mode either by magnetic field tuning or beam voltage tuning. Long-term CW operation was evaluated during an uninterrupted period of 48 h, where the gyrotron output power and frequency were kept stable to within ±0.7% and ± 6 ppm, respectively, by a computerized control system. Proper operation of an internal quasi-optical mode converter implemented to transform the operating whispering-gallery mode to a Gaussian-like beam was also verified. Based on the images of the gyrotron output beam taken with a pyroelectric camera, the Gaussian-like mode content of the output beam was computed to be 92% with an ellipticity of 12%.
We measured the real-time switching of metal-oxide memristors with sub-nanosecond resolution and recorded the evolution of the current and voltage during both ON (set) and OFF (reset) events. From ...these we determined the dynamical behavior of the conductivity for different applied bias amplitudes. Quantitative analysis of the energy cost and switching dynamics showed 115 fJ for ON-switching and 13 pJ for OFF-switching when resistance change was limited to 200%. Results are presented that show a favorable scaling with speed in terms of energy cost and reducing unnecessary damage to the devices.
•FPGA-based real-time gyrotron control can block faults and restart RF within 10 ms.•FPGA-based control (D-Wavegen) contributed to 95% reliability for the ECH system.•D-Wavegen improved performance ...of gyrotron prone to body overcurrent faults.•Collector power redistribution lead to higher power density for modulated operation.
In order to increase the reliability and improve the availability of electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive during a plasma shot, an adaptive gyrotron command generator has been designed and implemented in all gyrotron systems on the DIII-D tokamak. This adaptive real-time generator is able to detect imminent faults, including gyrotron body overcurrent faults that can develop in a few microseconds, block faults, and restart RF generation within 10–30 ms, faster than the DIII-D energy confinement time. The adoption of this adaptive generator has substantially improved the performance of a depressed-collector gyrotron with recurrent body current faults, and has assisted the ECH system to achieve a record reliability of 95% during the last experimental campaign. The impact of power modulation on the collector loading of a depressed-collector gyrotron has been experimentally studied using calorimetry and collector maps taken by a diagnostic developed in-house. While lowering the modulation duty cycle kept the collector power constant as a result of low beam-wave efficiency during the modulation low state, an observed power redistribution inside the collector increased the peak collector power density, which reached levels above the manufacturer power density limit for low duty cycles.
Gyrotrons operating in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength ranges are the promising sources for applications that are requiring good spectral characteristics and a wide range of output power. ...We report the precise measurement results of gyrotron spectra. Experiments were conducted using a 140-GHz long-pulse gyrotron that is developed for the dynamic nuclear polarization/nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Transient downshift of the frequency by 12 MHz with a time constant of 3 s was observed. After reaching equilibrium, the frequency was maintained within 1 ppm for over 20 s. The coefficient of the frequency change with cavity temperature was -2.0 MHz/K, which shows that fine tuning of the gyrotron frequency is plausible by cavity-temperature control. Frequency pulling by the beam current was observed, but it was shown to be masked by the downward shift of the gyrotron frequency with temperature. The linewidth was measured to be much less than 1 MHz at 60 dB relative to the carrier power in decibels relative to carrier (dBc) and 4.3 MHz at 75 dBc, which is the largest dynamic range to date for the measurement of gyrotron linewidth to our knowledge.
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