We investigate the transfer properties of energy and helicity fluctuations in fully developed homogeneous and isotropic turbulence by changing the nature of the nonlinear Navier–Stokes terms. We ...perform a surgery of all possible interactions, by keeping only those triads that have sign-definite helicity content. In order to do this, we apply an exact decomposition of the velocity field in a helical Fourier basis, as first proposed by Constantin & Majda (Commun. Math. Phys, vol. 115, 1988, p. 435) and exploited in great detail by Waleffe (Phys. Fluids A, vol. 4, 1992, p. 350), and we evolve the Navier–Stokes dynamics keeping only those velocity components carrying a well-defined (positive or negative) helicity. The resulting dynamics preserves translational and rotational symmetries but not mirror invariance. We give clear evidence that this three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic chiral turbulence is characterized by a stationary inverse energy cascade with a spectrum
${E}_{back} (k)\sim {k}^{- 5/ 3} $
and by a direct helicity cascade with a spectrum
${E}_{forw} (k)\sim {k}^{- 7/ 3} $
. Our results are important to highlight the dynamics and statistics of those subsets of all possible Navier–Stokes interactions responsible for reversal events in the energy-flux properties, and demonstrate that the presence of an inverse energy cascade is not necessarily connected to a two-dimensionalization of the flow. We further comment on the possible relevance of such findings to flows of geophysical interest under rotations and in thin layers. Finally we propose other innovative numerical experiments that can be achieved by using a similar decimation of degrees of freedom.
We present high-resolution numerical simulations of convection in multiphase flows (boiling) using a novel algorithm based on a lattice Boltzmann method. We first study the thermodynamical and ...kinematic properties of the algorithm. Then, we perform a series of 3D numerical simulations changing the mean properties in the phase diagram and compare convection with and without phase coexistence at Rayleigh number Ra∼10(7). We show that in the presence of nucleating bubbles non-Oberbeck-Boussinesq effects develop, the mean temperature profile becomes asymmetric, and heat-transfer and heat-transfer fluctuations are enhanced, at all Ra studied. We also show that small-scale properties of velocity and temperature fields are strongly affected by the presence of the buoyant bubble leading to high non-gaussian profiles in the bulk.
Spatial distributions of heavy particles suspended in an incompressible isotropic and homogeneous turbulent flow are investigated by means of high resolution direct numerical simulations. In the ...dissipative range, it is shown that particles form fractal clusters with properties independent of the Reynolds number. Clustering is there optimal when the particle response time is of the order of the Kolmogorov time scale tau(eta). In the inertial range, the particle distribution is no longer scale invariant. It is, however, shown that deviations from uniformity depend on a rescaled contraction rate, which is different from the local Stokes number given by dimensional analysis. Particle distribution is characterized by voids spanning all scales of the turbulent flow; their signature in the coarse-grained mass probability distribution is an algebraic behavior at small densities.
We present a numerical study of two-particle dispersion from point sources in three-dimensional incompressible homogeneous and isotropic turbulence at Reynolds number Re≃300. Tracer particles are ...emitted in bunches from localized sources smaller than the Kolmogorov scale. We report the first quantitative evidence, supported by an unprecedented statistics, of the deviations of relative dispersion from Richardson's picture. Deviations are due to extreme events of pairs separating much faster than average, and of pairs remaining close for long time. The two classes of events are the fingerprints of complete different physics, the former dominated by inertial subrange and large-scale fluctuations, and the latter by dissipation subrange. A comparison of the relative separation in surrogate white-in-time velocity field, with correct viscous-, inertial-, and integral-scale properties, allows us to assess the importance of temporal correlations along tracer trajectories.
We study the effects of thermally induced capillary waves in the fragmentation of a liquid ligament into multiple nanodroplets. Our numerical implementation is based on a fluctuating lattice ...Boltzmann (LB) model for nonideal multicomponent fluids, including nonequilibrium stochastic fluxes mimicking the effects of molecular forces at the nanoscales. We quantitatively analyze the statistical distribution of the breakup times and the droplet volumes after the fragmentation process at changing the two relevant length scales of the problem, i.e., the thermal length scale and the ligament size. The robustness of the observed findings is also corroborated by quantitative comparisons with the predictions of sharp interface hydrodynamics. Beyond the practical importance of our findings for nanofluidic engineering devices, our study also explores a novel application of LB in the realm of nanofluidic phenomena.
Hot-carriers, that is, charge carriers with an effective temperature higher than that of the lattice, may contribute to the high power conversion efficiency (PCE) shown by perovskite-based solar ...cells (PSCs), which are now competitive with silicon solar cells. Hot-carriers lose their excess energy in very short times, typically in a few picoseconds after excitation. For this reason, the carrier dynamics occurring on this time scale are extremely important in determining the participation of hot-carriers in the photovoltaic process. However, the stability of PSCs over time still remains an issue that calls for a solution. In this work, we demonstrate that the insertion of graphene flakes into the mesoscopic TiO2 scaffold leads to stable values of carrier temperature. In PSCs aged over 1 week, we indeed observe that in the graphene-free perovskite cells the carrier temperature decreases by about 500 K from 1800 to 1300 K, while the graphene-containing cell shows a reduction of less than 200 K after the same aging time delay. The stability of the carrier temperature reflects the stability of the perovskite nanocrystals embedded in the mesoporous graphene-TiO2 layer. Our results, based on femtosecond transient absorption measurements, show that the insertion of graphene can be beneficial for the design of stable PSCs with the aim of exploiting the hot-carrier contribution to the PCE of the PSCs.
An approach based on a lattice version of the Boltzmann kinetic equation for describing multiphase flows in nano- and microcorrugated devices is proposed. We specialize it to describe the ...wetting-dewetting transition of fluids in the presence of nanoscopic grooves etched on the boundaries. This approach permits us to retain the essential supramolecular details of fluid-solid interactions without surrendering--actually boosting--the computational efficiency of continuum methods. The method is used to analyze the importance of conspiring effects between hydrophobicity and roughness on the global mass flow rate of the microchannel. In particular we show that smart surfaces can be tailored to yield very different mass throughput by changing the bulk pressure. The mesoscopic method is also validated quantitatively against the molecular dynamics results of Cottin-Bizonne, Nat. Mater. 2, 237 (2003).
The statistics of velocity differences between pairs of heavy inertial point particles suspended in an incompressible turbulent flow is studied and found to be extremely intermittent. The problem is ...particularly relevant to the estimation of the efficiency of collisions among heavy particles in turbulence. We found that when particles are separated by distances within the dissipative subrange, the competition between regions with quiet regular velocity distributions and regions where very close particles have very different velocities (caustics) leads to a quasi bi-fractal behaviour of the particle velocity structure functions. Contrastingly, we show that for particles separated by inertial-range distances, the velocity-difference statistics can be characterized in terms of a local roughness exponent, which is a function of the scale-dependent particle Stokes number only. Results are obtained from high-resolution direct numerical simulations up to 20483 collocation points and with millions of particles for each Stokes number.
Abstract
As liquid xenon TPCs increase in target mass while pursuing the direct detection of WIMP dark matter, the technical challenges arising due to their size call for new solutions and open the ...discussion on alternative detector concepts. Proportional scintillation in liquid xenon allows for a single-phase design evading problems related to the liquid-gas interface and the precise gas gap required in a dual-phase TPC.
Aside from a different scintillation mechanism, the successful detection- and analysis scheme of state-of-the-art experiments is maintained in this approach.
We study the impact on charge signal analysis in a single-phase detector of DARWIN dimensions, where the fast timing of the proportional scintillation signal allows for the precise identification of the single electrons in the ionisation signal.
Such a discrete electron-counting approach can lead to a better signal resolution for low energies when compared to the classical dual-phase continuous method.
The absence of the liquid-gas interface can further benefit the S2-only energy resolution significantly. This can reduce the uncertainties from the scintillation and signal-detection process to a level significantly below the irreducible fluctuation in the primary ionisation. Exploiting the precise electron arrival time information can further allow for a powerful single vs. multiple site interaction discrimination with 93% rejection efficiency and 98% signal acceptance. This outperforms the design goal of the DARWIN observatory by a reduction factor of 4.2 in non-rejected multiple site neutron events.
PDF
