Summary
Domestic goats (Capra hircus) are spread across the five continents with a census of 1 billion individuals. The worldwide population of goats descends from a limited number of bezoars (Capra ...aegagrus) domesticated 10 000 YBP (years before the present) in the Fertile Crescent. The extraordinary adaptability and hardiness of goats favoured their rapid spread over the Old World, reaching the Iberian Peninsula and Southern Africa 7000 YBP and 2000 YBP respectively. Molecular studies have revealed one major mitochondrial haplogroup A and five less frequent haplogroups B, C, D, F and G. Moreover, the analysis of autosomal and Y‐chromosome markers has evidenced an appreciable geographic differentiation. The implementation of new molecular technologies, such as whole‐genome sequencing and genome‐wide genotyping, allows for the exploration of caprine diversity at an unprecedented scale, thus providing new insights into the evolutionary history of goats. In spite of a number of pitfalls, the characterization of the functional elements of the goat genome is expected to play a key role in understanding the genetic determination of economically relevant traits. Genomic selection and genome editing also hold great potential, particularly for improving traits that cannot be modified easily by traditional selection.
Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is commonly higher in goats than in cattle and sheep. Furthermore, the ability of milk SCC to predict mastitis is considered lower in goats than in cattle and sheep, and ...the relevance of somatic cell score (SCS)-based selection in this species has been questioned. To address this issue, we created 2 divergent lines of Alpine goats using artificially inseminated bucks with extreme estimated breeding values for SCS. A total of 287 goats, 158 in high- and 129 in low-SCS lines, were scrutinized for mastitis infections. We subjected 2,688 milk samples to conventional bacteriological analyses on agarose and bacterial counts were estimated for positive samples. The SCS, milk yield, fat content, and protein content were recorded every 3 wk. Clinical mastitis was systematically noted. A subset of 40 goats (20 from each line) was subsequently challenged with Haemonchus contortus and monitored for anemia (blood packed cell volume) and fecal egg counts to see if SCS-based selection had an indirect effect on resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Milk production traits, including milk quantity, fat content, and protein content, were similar in both goat lines. In contrast, the raw milk SCC almost doubled between the lines, with 1,542,000 versus 855,000 cells/mL in the high- and low-SCS lines, respectively. The difference in breeding value for SCS between lines was 1.65 genetic standard deviation equivalents. The Staphylococcus spp. most frequently isolated from milk were S. xylosus, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. The frequency of positive bacteriology samples was significantly higher in the high-SCS line (49%) than in the low-SCS line (33%). The highest odds ratio was 3.49 (95% confidence interval: 11.95–6.25) for S. aureus. The distribution of bacterial species in positive samples between lines was comparable. The average quantity of bacteria in positive samples was also significantly higher in high-SCS goats (69 ± 80 growing colonies) than in low-SCS goats (38 ± 62 growing colonies). Clinical cases were rare and equally distributed between high- (n = 4; 2.5%) and low-SCS (n = 3; 2.3%) lines. Furthermore, the larger the amounts of bacteria in milk the higher the SCS level. Conversely, goats with repeatedly culture-negative udders exhibited the lowest SCC levels, with an average of below 300,000 cells/mL. We therefore confirmed that SCS is a relevant predictor of intramammary infection and hygienic quality of milk in goats and can be used for prophylactic purposes. After challenge with H. contortus, goats were anemic with high fecal egg counts but we found no difference between the genetic lines. This result provides initial evidence that resistance to mastitis or to gastrointestinal nematodes infections is under independent genetic regulation. Altogether, this monitoring of the goat lines indicated that SCS-based selection helps to improve udder health by decreasing milk cell counts and reducing the incidence of infection and related bacterial shedding in milk. Selection for low SCC should not affect a goat's ability to cope with gastrointestinal nematodes.
Genetic parameters for 18 fatty acids or groups of fatty acids (FA), milk production traits, and somatic cell score (SCS) were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood with a repeatability animal ...model, using 45,259 test-day records from the first lactations of 13,677 Alpine and Saanen goats. Fatty acid data were collected as part of an extensive recording scheme (PhénoFinLait), and sample testing was based on mid-infrared spectra estimates. The total predicted FA content in milk was approximately 3.5% in Alpine and Saanen goats. Goat milk fat showed similar saturated FA to cattle and sheep, but higher contents of capric (C10:0) FA (~9.7g/100g of milk fat). Heritability estimates ranged from 0.18 to 0.49 for FA and estimates were generally higher when FA were expressed in g/100g of milk fat compared with g/100g of milk. In general, the 3 specific short- and medium-chain goat FA, caproic acid (C6:0), caprylic acid (C8:0), and especially capric (C10:0) acid, had among the highest heritability estimates (from 0.21 to 0.37; average of 0.30). Heritability estimates for milk yield, fat and protein contents, and SCS were 0.22, 0.23, 0.39, 0.09, and 0.24, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.15, in Alpine and Saanen goats, respectively. When FA were expressed in g/100g of milk, genetic correlations between fat content and all FA were high and positive. Genetic correlations between the fat content and FA groups expressed in g/100g of fat led to further investigation of the association between fat content and FA profile within milk fat. Accordingly, in both Saanen and Alpine breeds, no significant genetic correlations were found between fat content and C16:0, whereas the correlations between fat content and specific goat FA (C6:0 to C10:0) were positive (0.17 to 0.59). In addition, the genetic correlation between fat content and C14:0 was negative (−0.17 to −0.35). The values of the genetic correlations between protein content and individual FA were similar, although genetic correlations between protein content and FA groups were close to zero. Genetic correlations of milk yield or SCS with the FA profile were weak. Results for genetic parameters for FA, however, should be further validated, because the low predicting ability of certain FA using mid-infrared spectra and the limited calibration data set might have resulted in low accuracy. In conclusion, our results indicated substantial genetic variation in goat milk FA that supported their amenability for genetic selection. In addition, selection on protein and fat contents is not expected to have an undesirable effect on the FA profile in regard to specificity of goat products and human health.
The success of Genome Wide Association Studies in the discovery of sequence variation linked to complex traits in humans has increased interest in high throughput SNP genotyping assays in livestock ...species. Primary goals are QTL detection and genomic selection. The purpose here was design of a 50-60,000 SNP chip for goats. The success of a moderate density SNP assay depends on reliable bioinformatic SNP detection procedures, the technological success rate of the SNP design, even spacing of SNPs on the genome and selection of Minor Allele Frequencies (MAF) suitable to use in diverse breeds. Through the federation of three SNP discovery projects consolidated as the International Goat Genome Consortium, we have identified approximately twelve million high quality SNP variants in the goat genome stored in a database together with their biological and technical characteristics. These SNPs were identified within and between six breeds (meat, milk and mixed): Alpine, Boer, Creole, Katjang, Saanen and Savanna, comprising a total of 97 animals. Whole genome and Reduced Representation Library sequences were aligned on >10 kb scaffolds of the de novo goat genome assembly. The 60,000 selected SNPs, evenly spaced on the goat genome, were submitted for oligo manufacturing (Illumina, Inc) and published in dbSNP along with flanking sequences and map position on goat assemblies (i.e. scaffolds and pseudo-chromosomes), sheep genome V2 and cattle UMD3.1 assembly. Ten breeds were then used to validate the SNP content and 52,295 loci could be successfully genotyped and used to generate a final cluster file. The combined strategy of using mainly whole genome Next Generation Sequencing and mapping on a contig genome assembly, complemented with Illumina design tools proved to be efficient in producing this GoatSNP50 chip. Advances in use of molecular markers are expected to accelerate goat genomic studies in coming years.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ovarian antral follicular development is clearly dependent on pituitary gonadotrophins FSH and LH. Although the endocrine mechanism that controls ovarian folliculogenesis leading to ovulation is ...quite well understood, the detailed mechanisms and molecular determinants in the different follicular compartments remain to be clarified. The aim of this study was to identify the genes differentially expressed in pig granulosa cells along the terminal ovarian follicle growth, to gain a comprehensive view of these molecular mechanisms. First, we developed a specific micro-array using cDNAs from suppression subtractive hybridization libraries (345 contigs) obtained by comparison of three follicle size classes: small, medium and large antral healthy follicles. In a second step, a transcriptomic analysis using cDNA probes from these three follicle classes identified 79 differentially expressed transcripts along the terminal follicular growth and 26 predictive genes of size classes. The differential expression of 18 genes has been controlled using real-time PCR experiments validating the micro-array analysis. Finally, the integration of the data using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis identified five gene networks providing descriptive elements of the terminal follicular development. Specifically, we observed: (1) the down-expression of ribosomal protein genes, (2) the genes involved in lipid metabolism and (3) the down-expression of cell morphology and ion-binding genes. In conclusion, this study gives new insight into the gene expression during pig terminal follicular growth in vivo and suggested, in particular, a morphological change in pig granulosa cells accompanying terminal follicular growth.
Mastitis is a strong financial and animal welfare concern in both dairy and meat-producing sheep. In this review article, we summarized recent advances in research on genomic of mastitis resistance ...in sheep. Heritability estimates for mastitis-related traits such as somatic cell scores or milk bacteriological counting have confirmed a genetic basis for mastitis resistance. Recent outputs from genomic-based studies comprising genome-wide associations, the identification of one causal mutation as well as gene expression studies have highlighted regions of the genome, and possible genes and mechanisms underlying the resistance trait. Part of genomic regions was common among breeds and populations, and have testified to the partial sharing of mastitis-related genetic mechanisms between different distant dairy sheep populations. Accumulating genetic data, however, have underlined the polygenic nature of the trait and the complexity of the resistance phenotype. Both quantitative and genomic analyses have further revealed trade-offs and synergies under genetic control between mastitis resistance and other efficiency (milk production) and resilience related traits (udder type traits and metabolic disease). We have also reported how phenotypic, pedigree and genomic information has been used in sheep breeding, the aim being to improve the animals’ health and welfare, the hygienic quality of milk products and overall efficiency and resilience.
The efficiency of breeding programs partly relies on the accuracy of the estimated breeding values which decreases when pedigrees are incomplete. Two reproduction techniques are mainly used by sheep ...breeders to identify the sires of lambs: animal insemination and natural matings with a single ram per group of ewes. Both methods have major drawbacks, notably time-consuming tasks for breeders, and are thus used at varying levels in breeding programs. As a consequence, the percentage of known sires can be very low in some breeds and results in less accurate estimated breeding values.
In order to address this issue and offer an alternative strategy for obtaining parentage information, we designed a set of 249 SNPs for parentage assignment in French sheep breeds and tested its efficiency in one breed. The set was derived from the 54 K SNP chip that was used to genotype the thirty main French sheep populations. Only SNPs in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, displaying the highest Minor Allele Frequency across all the thirty populations and not associated with Mendelian errors in verified family trios were selected. The panel of 249 SNPs was successfully used in an on-farm test in the BMC breed and resulted in more than 95% of lambs being assigned to a unique sire.
In this study we developed a SNP panel for assignment that achieved good results in the on-farm testing. We also raised some conditions for optimal use of this panel: at least 180 SNPs should be used and a minute preparation of the list of candidate sires. Our panel also displays high levels of MAF in the SheepHapMap breeds, particularly in the South West European breeds.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
FSH, which binds to specific receptors on granulosa cells in mammals, plays a key role in folliculogenesis. Its biological activity involves stimulation of intercellular communication and ...upregulation of steroidogenesis, but the entire spectrum of the genes regulated by FSH has yet to be fully characterized. In order to find new regulated transcripts, however rare, we have used a Suppression Subtractive Hybridization approach (SSH) on pig granulosa cells in primary culture treated or not with FSH. Two SSH libraries were generated and 76 clones were sequenced after selection by differential screening. Sixty four different sequences were identified, including 3 novel sequences. Experiments demonstrated the presence of 25 regulated transcripts.A gene ontology analysis of these 25 genes revealed (1) catalytic; (2) transport; (3) signal transducer; (4) binding; (5) anti-oxidant and (6) structural activities. These findings may deepen our understanding of FSH's effects. Particularly, they suggest that FSH is involved in the modulation of peroxidase activity and remodelling of chromatin.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Three different stages of pig antral follicles have been studied in a granulosa-cell transcriptome analysis on nylon microarrays (1152 clones). The data have been generated from seven RNA follicle ...pools and several technical replicates were made. The objective of this paper was to state the feasibility of a transcriptomic protocol for the study of folliculogenesis in the pig. A statistical analysis was chosen, relying on the linear mixed model (LMM) paradigm. Low variability within technical replicates was hence checked with a LMM. Relevant genes that might be involved in the studied process were then selected. For the most significant genes, statistical methods such as principal component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering were applied to assess their relevance, and a random forest analysis proved their predictive value. The selection of genes was consistent with previous studies and also allowed the identification of new genes whose role in pig folliculogenesis will be further investigated.
Cette étude présente les principaux résultats d’estimation de paramètres génétiques et de détection de QTL obtenus dans le cadre du programme PhénoFinlait sur les caractères de composition en Acides ...Gras (AG) et protéines du lait dans trois races bovines (Holstein, Montbéliarde et Normande), deux races ovines (Lacaune et Manech Tête Rousse) et deux races caprines (Alpine et Saanen). La composition du lait est estimée à partir de la spectrométrie dans le moyen infrarouge. Les paramètres génétiques sont estimés à partir des données de 102 000 contrôles laitiers de 22 000 vaches en première lactation, 67 000 contrôles de 20 000 brebis, et 45 000 contrôles de 13 700 chèvres. Ils sont très homogènes entre espèces et entre races. En revanche, ils dépendent beaucoup du mode d’expression des caractères, exprimés en proportion du lait ou de la matière. Exprimés en teneur dans le lait, les AG saturés présentent une héritabilité plus élevée que les insaturés chez les bovins et les ovins, mais l’écart est plus faible quand ils sont exprimés en teneur dans le gras. Chez les caprins, les estimations d’héritabilité sont plus élevées pour les caractères exprimés en teneur dans la matière grasse. Les mesures d’AG sont fortement corrélées entre stades de lactation, à l’exception du premier mois qui apparaît comme un caractère assez différent. Les corrélations génétiques sont positives entre AG saturés et entre AG insaturés. Entre AG saturés et insaturés, les corrélations sont positives pour les AG exprimés en teneur dans le lait mais négatives quand les AG sont exprimés en pourcentage de la matière grasse. Les AG saturés sont très fortement corrélés au taux butyreux du lait. Concernant les protéines, les estimations d’héritabilité sont très élevées pour la bêta-lactoglobuline, assez élevées pour les caséines, plus modérées pour l’alpha-lactalbumine. Concernant les corrélations, il existe une forte analogie entre AG et protéines. Ainsi, les caséines sont fortement corrélées entre elles et fortement liées au taux protéique. Leur corrélation avec les protéines sériques est positive quand les protéines sont exprimées en teneur dans le lait, mais très négatives quand elles sont exprimées en teneur dans les protéines.
Les analyses de détection de QTL reposent sur les données de 7 800 vaches, 1 800 brebis et 2 300 chèvres génotypées avec des puces SNP pangénomiques. En moyenne, 9 QTL d’AG ont été détectés par caractère et par race bovine. Les QTL les plus importants ont été trouvés sur les chromosomes 14 (gène DGAT1), 5, 19, 27, 17, 11 et 13. On observe une forte co-localisation de QTL entre AG du même type, reflétant leur origine métabolique commune. Une fraction notable de ces QTL semble partagée entre races. 22 à 29 QTL sont détectés en moyenne pour chaque taux de protéine. Les plus significatifs se situent sur les chromosomes 6 (2 régions QTL, régions des gènes ABCG2 et des caséines), 11 (gène de la bêta-lactoglobuline) et 20 (gène GHR vers 32 Mb, mais aussi vers 58Mb). Le gène DGAT1 affecte également de nombreuses protéines exprimées en teneur dans le lait.
Ces résultats indiquent que la composition fine du lait pourrait être modifiée par sélection, même si les grands équilibres entre composants peuvent difficilement être bouleversés. Il est ainsi possible d’augmenter la fraction de caséines dans les protéines. Il est aussi possible d’augmenter la fraction d’AG insaturés dans le lait, mais sans doute au prix d’une diminution du taux butyreux.
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