Water pollution within and nearby different livestock farm types was assessed comprehensively for the first time in Vietnam. The samples of wastewater, ground water, and surface water were collected ...from 130 pig farms, 80 poultry farms, and 40 cow farms. Water quality was first assessed by individual parameter evaluation method in which measured values of water quality parameters were compared with the permissible limits in the national technical regulations on livestock’s effluent (QCVN 62), surface water quality, and ground water quality. Subsequently, the overall quality of surface and ground water samples was evaluated by mean of water quality index (WQI). The results showed the large variations in effluent’s quality, implying the considerable differences in wastewater treatment efficiency within and among farm types. Effluent from livestock farms was highly polluted by organic matters (expressed as BOD
5
and COD) and especially by microorganisms (expressed as total coliform—CF). Almost all wastewater samples contained higher number of CF than QCVN 62 (3900 MPN/100ml), with mean concentration of CF in effluent from cow farms, pig farms, and poultry farms were 1.2e+07 ± 5.0e+07 MPN/100ml, 8.8e+04 ± 7.1e+04 MPN/100ml, 1.5e+06 ± 4.2e+06 MPN/100ml, respectively. Improperly treated livestock’s waste was likely to have impacts on quality of ground water and receiving surface water bodies. High CF contamination in effluent leads to 70% of the ground water samples in cow farms and poultry farms classified as unsuitable for drinking water supply by WQI values. Although effluent from poultry farms had smaller quantity and better quality, their receiving surface water bodies exhibited the worst quality, with average WQI of 37.5 ± 16.2 compared to 49.9 ± 12 of pig farms and 50.3 ± 20.8 of cow farms. This result suggests that livestock’s effluent was not only pollution source of surface water bodies nearby livestock farms.
This study aimed to evaluate the miscibility of cellulose derivatives to improve the release rate and stability of microparticles containing the weakly basic drug itraconazole (ITZ). We also ...investigated the effect of some organic acids on the microenvironmental pH (pHm) and the release rate of ITZ from the cellulose-based microparticles. The synergistic effect of cellulose-based microparticles and pHm modulators on the bioavailability of ITZ compared with the reference product was investigated in a rabbit model. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that ITZ, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate were miscible at a ratio of 1.5:3:1 (w/w/w), and the stability of the microparticles was maintained for 6 months under accelerated conditions. In addition, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the properties of the microparticles. Through the titration technique and determination of pHm, the combination of fumaric acid and maleic acid (1:2, w/w) was found to be the most effective pHm modulator for microparticles. The integration of cellulose-based microparticles and pHm modulators showed a synergistic effect on the flux and relative bioavailability of ITZ and its active metabolite OH-ITZ (182.60 % and 217.67 %, respectively) when compared with the reference product.
Esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD), 3- monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), and glycidol are present in infant formulas, follow-on foods and similar compositions. They arise mainly from ...the vegetable oil content and may cause harmful effects in consumers. The contents of these substances in formulas were determined indirectly by converting the esters to the free form, followed by derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The validation results demonstrate that the method had sufficient specificity and adequate accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for each of 2MCPDE, 3MCPDE, and GE were 1.5 and 5 µg/kg, respectively. Formula intake by children up to 36 months of age was surveyed, and the data was used to assess the risks due to 3-MCPD esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). The mean exposure dose of 3-MCPDE for different age groups ranged from 0.51 to 1.13 µg/kg bw per day. The corresponding mean GE exposure ranged from 0.031 to 0.069 µg/kg bw per day. Neither mean values nor the percentile 95% values of 3-MCPDE exposure doses exceed the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A dietary exposure and health risk assessment of mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone was conducted in 3 provinces in Northern Vietnam namely Hanoi, Thanh ...Hoa, and Ha Giang. Results of the analysis of samples of maize, rice, peanut, and sesame revealed the presence of these mycotoxins in all samples and sampling locations. Aflatoxin B1 was the most frequently detected (19.1%) and widely distributed among different types of samples, whereas the percentage occurrence of fumonisin B1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone were 11.2, 5.9 and 6.3, respectively. The later three mycotoxins were detected mostly in maize. The exposure to aflatoxin B1 at detected levels could lead to 0.23, 0.65 and 21.0 cases of liver cancer per 100,000 adult people per year in Hanoi, Thanh Hoa and Ha Giang, respectively. The risk assessment also showed the unsafe exposure to ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 in the highland region where the people consume a large amount of foods derived from maize. In Ha Giang, the mean exposures to fumonisin B1 were lower than its PMTDI (Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake), however, the 95th percentile values were 1.1–1.9 times of the PMTDI. The mean exposures to ochratoxin A in Ha Giang were about 2.4–3.6 times higher than its PMTWI (Provisional Maximum Tolerable Weekly Intake). There was no risk of fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A in Hanoi and Thanh Hoa. The dietary exposure to zearalenone was within its PMTDI in all locations. The results pointed out the need for further improvement of the control of these mycotoxins in Vietnam, especially in some highland provinces.
•Higher mycotoxins content in food in Ha Giang compared to other localities.•High exposure doses of mycotoxins in highland due to long storage time of maize.•Different liver cancer risk caused by aflatoxin B1 exposure in three provinces.•Unsafe exposure to ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 in the highland region.•No risk caused by zearalenone exposure in the studied provinces.
This paper proposes a conceptual modeling framework based on category theory that serves as a tool to study common structures underlying diverse approaches to modeling credit default that at first ...sight may appear to have nothing in common. The framework forms the basis for an entropy-based stacking model to address issues of inconsistency and bias in classification performance. Based on the Lending Club's peer-to-peer loans dataset and Taiwanese credit card clients dataset, relative to individual base models, the proposed entropy-based stacking model provides more consistent performance across multiple data environments and less biased performance in terms of default classification. The process itself is agnostic to the base models selected and its performance superior, regardless of the models selected.
Abstract
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF), an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus, is widespread in tropical and subtropical rangelands. It affects cattle with symptoms of fever, lameness, and inappetence, and ...can be a major economic impact. The goal of this study was to determine if accelerometer data can be used to identify the behavior patterns that occur when heifers become ill from BEF. The study was conducted from 24 August to 2 October 2016 in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Eight heifers were monitored with 3-axis accelerometer sensors attached to collars. During the study, two heifers (1,402 and 1,413) were observed with BEF by the manager on 12 September and 1 October 2016, respectively. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of accelerometer data to autonomously detect the pattern and recognize when the heifers become sick by applying two different approaches, cosine similarity (CS) and deviation from previous behavioral patterns. Movement intensity (MI) and movement variation (MV) were calculated from accelerometer data using 1-minute epochs and then averaged into hour periods. Cosine similarity is a cosine of the angle between two data instances (MI or MV) that can be used to quantify their similarity. The time of illness detection by a veterinarian was compared with CS between the day of prediction and the average of 3 days before the prediction. Deviation is a measurement to calculate the sum or sum squares of the absolute difference of MI or MV between a day of prediction and the mean of 3 days before prediction for each corresponding hour. This approach is based on a hypothesis that when a heifer is sick, the heifer is likely less active during times it is normally active. When the heifer became ill with BEF, there were no similarities between the day of prediction and its 3 previous days resulting in a small CS value and potential illness detection, while there was a large difference between the day of prediction and its 3 previous days resulting in a high deviation value and a potential BEF detection metric. To determine how large deviation is or how small CS is to be considered abnormal behavior, the concept of outliers was evaluated using boxplots. A CS or deviation is an outlier if it is distant from other values of an individual animal. Our approaches show that heifer 1402 had behavioral changes one day before the manager observed BEF, and heifer 1413 had behavioral changes on the same day the manager observed BEF. This case study demonstrates the potential of using accelerometer data to detect disease autonomously. However, more research is to minimize false positives that may occur from other similar diseases, abnormal weather events or cyclical changes in behavior such as ostrus.
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) are the first-line medication for oral erectile dysfunction, which are used according to the prescription of doctors. However, these substances have been ...found illegally in supplementary foods. The quality and safety of dietary supplements for enhancing male sexual performance have been questioned, raising the need for continual development of analytical methods. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry has become one of the most effective methods to identify and measure PDE-5i concentration. In this research, we focused on (i) developing and validating an effective screening and quantitation method for more than 53 PDE-5i in ingredients and supplementary products using LC-Q-Exactive after a simple sample extraction and (ii) assessing PDE-5i content in natural-based supplementary products available in Vietnam market. The extraction method used a small amount of organic solvent, which makes it more environmentally friendly (greener). The developed method has a limit of detection of 0.4 mg/kg, a limit of quantitation of 1.2 mg/kg, recoveries from 80 to 110%, and repeatability lower than 15%. Ninety-two herbal supplementary foods and ingredients used for enhancement of male sexual performance available in Vietnamese markets were collected. Fourteen PDE-5i including conventional and novel analogous were detected and measured in eighteen food supplements and two formulation ingredient samples.
Land use planning is an important task for every country in the world to ensure the sustainable use of land resources for economic and social development activities. However, many land use plans have ...not achieved their desired effectiveness due to a lack of consideration and evaluation of factors affecting the land use planning implementation process. This study was conducted to answer the following question: what are the main factors influencing the land use planning process in Vietnam? In this study, we use multivariate regression to identify the main factors influencing land use planning in Vietnam, including the economic factor group; institutional and policy factor group; urbanisation factor group; planning factor group; social factor group; environmental factor group; and organisational and implementation factor group. The results identified five groups of factors influencing land use planning in the Dan Phuong district through the influencing factor analysis method, including policy (Po), economy (Ec), society (So), environment (En), and others (Ot). In addition, the linear regression model obtained for land use planning in Dan Phuong district is as follows: land use planning = 0.408Po + 0.454Ec + 0.398So + 0.368En + 0.259Ot. In which the group of factors with the strongest influence was the Eco factors (β = 0.454), the second was the Po factors (β = 0.408), the third was the So factors (β = 0.398), the fourth was the En factors (β = 0.368), and lastly, there were the Ot factors (β = 0.259). The results of the analysis were used to plan land use effectively and according to local conditions. This can help managers to find solutions for the sustainable use of land resources in the future.
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The first objective of this study was to optimize a supersaturatable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing silymarin through the investigation of the single ...and synergistic effect of either SNEDDS or a precipitation inhibitor on dissolution efficiency (DE) of silymarin. The bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of S-SNEDDS were then compared to those of a branded product (Legalon®, Meda). SNEDDS containing silymarin was developed by titration technique, and Poloxamer 407 was selected as the optimal precipitation inhibitor by using casting film and solvent-shift method. The interaction of silybin (the major active constituent of silymarin) and the polymer was then determined by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR analysis. The combination of two techniques including SNEDDS and addition of 10% of Poloxamer 407 remarkably increased DE4h (88.28%) compared to the reference product (6.41%). The relative bioavailability of S-SNEDDS versus Legalon® was about 760%. The hepatoprotective activity of S-SNEDDS in CCl4-induced mice was also superior to the commercial product in declining both the levels of serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and lipid peroxidation as well as glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities under tested doses calculated as silybin (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg). These biopharmaceutical and pharmacological advantages of S-SNEDDS indicated prospects in the development of a novel product that offers lower strength of silymarin while enhancing therapeutic outcomes.
This research aims to develop bitter taste-masking microcapsules containing azithromycin (AZI) by a simpler and familiar method, fluid-bed coating technology, in comparison with Zithromax
®
. Cores ...of microcapsules, AZI microparticles, were prepared by fluid-bed granulation, then taste-masking polymer was covered on by fluid-bed coating technique. Eudragit L100, Eudragit RL100, and ethyl cellulose in single and combined with Eudragit L100 and Eudragit E100 were used as taste-masking polymers. The obtained microcapsules were characterised by taste-masking ability, in vitro release, SEM, coating thickness, and coating efficiency. Combination of ethyl cellulose and Eudragit E100 (3:1) in coating thickness of 45.13 ± 2.12% w/w prevents AZI release from microcapsules below bitter taste threshold (1.78 ± 1.17 µg/ml). Bioavailability of powders containing AZI microcapsules and pH modulators (50 mg Na
3
PO
4
and 35 mg Mg(OH)
2
) was not significantly different from the reference product (Zithromax
®
, Pfizer, New York, NY) in the rabbit model (p > 0.05). These results support the possibility of developing a generic product containing AZI.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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