In this paper, we study the difficult class of optimization problems called the mathematical programs with vanishing constraints or MPVC. Extensive research has been done for MPVC regarding ...stationary conditions and constraint qualifications using geometric approaches. We use the Fritz John approach for MPVC to derive the M-stationary conditions under weak constraint qualifications. An enhanced Fritz John type stationary condition is also derived for MPVC, which provides the notion of enhanced M-stationarity under a new and weaker constraint qualification: MPVC-generalized quasinormality. We show that this new constraint qualification is even weaker than MPVC-CPLD. A local error bound result is also established under MPVC-generalized quasinormality.
In the present work, the microcrystalline characteristics of KBr thin films have been investigated by evaluating the breadth of diffraction peak. The Williamson–Hall, the Size-Strain plot and the ...single-line Voigt methods are employed to deconvolute the finite crystallite size and microstrain contribution from the broaden X-ray profile. The texture coefficient and dislocation density have been determined along each diffraction peak. Other relevant physical parameters such as stress, Young’s modulus and energy density are also estimated using uniform stress deformation and uniform deformation energy density approximation of Williamson–Hall method.
The Aurivillus phase ferroelectric ceramic material BaBi4Ti4O15 (BBT) is considered as an attractive material for ferroelectric and piezoelectric applications because of its high transition ...temperature, high thermal stability and high dielectric constant. Here, the Dy dopped BBT ceramic has been proposed by synthesizing via cost-effective solid-state reaction route. The synthesized material crystalizes in the orthorhombic phase with space group A21am. The article reveals the synthesis methodology and characterization of material for application in piezoelectric transducers, sensors, ferroelectric non-volatile memories (Fe-RAM), etc. The article shows the investigation phase study by x-ray diffraction method, surface morphology, and electrical behavior of Dy dopped BBT ceramic material. The surface morphology shows irregular shape, size and orientation of well-defined grains. The room temperature dielectric constant abruptly decreases from 141 to 6 with the substation of 10 % Dy in BBT. The temperature coefficient TKε′ is observed below 0.02 up to x = 0.30 with a slight increase to 0.20 for x = 0.40. Each composition also shows a diffused phase transition behavior with a diffusion coefficient γ between 1 and 2. The influence of the Dy additive on the degree of diffuseness of the BDBT dielectric constant was investigated using a modified Curie-Weiss law. The Curie temperature was found to be 416 °C at 10 kHz frequency for BBT, which increases up to 579 °C with addition of 40 % Dy. The energy storage efficiency % increases from 27.64 % for x = 0.00–97.16 % for x = 0.00.
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The present work deals with fractal-based texture measurement of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Various land classes have been identified by classifying SAR images, and the fractal dimension ...is estimated for differentiating the classes. Three types of SAR images, viz., synthetic images, simulated SAR images, and satellite SAR images, have been used in the study. An issue with fractal dimension-based measurement is how many digits after decimal point should be considered for estimating fractal dimension? Since fractal dimension is calculated as a ratio, the major challenge is the decidability of significant digits for land classes. The issue has been overcome by discussing the feasibility of fractal dimension for the land classes defined by USGS and the calculated ratio for 200×200 values. As an achievement of the work, it is concluded that two digits of the decimal are sufficient to represent the fractal dimension of land classes.
The present study deals with Landsat data for the change analysis and flood mapping using water class extraction. Among the various available bands, the most suitable band combination is identified ...using class separability analysis and a novel water index (WI
2020
) is proposed for the extraction of water. The proposed index is able to separate the water class from other land features and performs better than NDWI. The index-based results are also validated through supervised classification and used for change analysis and flood mapping. The change analysis is done in two ways, viz., from the year 2000 to 2020 in a span of 5 years in a periodic manner and from the year 2014 to 2020 in a continuous manner. The flood mapping is done on the images of 2014 and 2016 along with the pre-flood and post-flood situations with the help of WI
2020
which gives quantitatively satisfactory results.
In the present work, cesium iodide (CsI) thin films of different thicknesses have been prepared by thermal evaporation technique. The crystallite size and grain size of these films are compared by ...using X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile analysis as well as by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) counting, respectively. These two methods provide less deviation between crystallite size and grain size in the case of thin CsI films of 4nm, but there is comparatively large difference in case of thicker CsI films (20nm, 100nm and 500nm). It indicates that dislocations are arranged in a configuration which causes small orientational difference between two adjacent coherent regions. The crystallite size obtained from XRD corresponds to the size of the coherent scattering region, whereas in TEM micrograph, single grain may correspond to many such coherent scattering regions. Other physical parameters such as strain, stress and deformation energy density are also estimated precisely for the prominent XRD peaks of thicker CsI films in the range 2θ=20°−80° by using a modified Williamson–Hall (W–H) analysis assuming uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform deformation stress model (UDSM) and uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM).
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