Acute inpatient psychiatric wards are important yet challenging environments in which to implement psychological interventions for people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. No meta-analysis to ...date has evaluated whether psychological interventions are effective in this context.
We systematically searched Embase, Medline and PsycInfo databases for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions implemented in acute inpatient psychiatric settings with individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. We conducted random effects meta-analyses of between-groups outcomes at post-intervention and relapse/re-hospitalisation rates by follow-up.
Twenty-nine trials were suitable for meta-analysis. Psychological interventions improved post-intervention positive symptoms, social functioning and treatment compliance and reduced the risk of relapse/ re-hospitalisation, relative to control conditions. Analyses of specific intervention effects found positive effects of psychoeducation on several key outcomes (power > 80%) and preliminary evidence for positive effects of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and metacognitive training (MCT) on some outcomes (power < 80%).
Psychological interventions can be helpful for acute inpatients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, risk of bias was often high or unclear, and some analyses were underpowered. Further research should use more rigorous RCT designs and publish meta-analysable data on positive symptoms, general psychopathology, relapse/ re-hospitalisation, social functioning and treatment compliance.
•We reviewed trials of psychological interventions for acute inpatient schizophrenia.•Psychological interventions improve positive symptoms, functioning and compliance.•Psychological interventions reduce risk of relapse or re-hospitalisation.•Psychoeducation improves psychopathology and functioning and reduces relapse.•Specific evidence for other psychological interventions is preliminary or absent.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which used 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate as an enzyme substrate was used to quantify two plant cytokinins. This assay detected as little as 0.03 pmol ...(approximately 10 pg) of cytokinin in microplate wells coated with a cytokinin-ovalbumin conjugate. The method measured competition between free cytokinin and the bound conjugate for reaction with monoclonal anticytokinin antibodies and used a standard curve prepared by use of known amounts of free cytokinin to quantify hormone levels in unknown samples. Standard curves which consisted of logit/log plots of fluorescence units versus picomoles of competing cytokinin measured from 0.03 to 256 pmol (approximately 10-85,000 picograms) of zeatin riboside (ZR) or isopentenyl adenosine. The fluorescence ELISA was compared with radioimmunoassay for the quantification of ZR in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cultivar Stephens) seed samples. This fluorescence ELISA method is recommended for use in combination with a fractionation method, such as HPLC, to quantify cytokinins present in plant extracts.
The biological, pathological, and geographical evidence all suggest that wheat shipments from the northwestern United States, which may contain a low level of Tilletia controversa spores, pose no ...serious threat to wheat production in China. If T. controversa did infect a wheat field in China, the infected area would remain small and could probably be eliminated by using fungicides and wheat varieties resistant to the dwarf bunt fungus.
Development of detached wheat spikelets in culture Trione, E.J. (Oregon State Univ., Corvallis (USA). Dept. of Crop Science); Stockwell, V.O
Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,
(1989), Letnik:
17, Številka:
3
Journal Article
The formation of teliospores in the common and dwarf bunt-infected ovaries began when the spikes were about 65-70 mm long and the ovaries were 0.5 mm in diameter. In infected florets, the anthers ...developed abnormally, viable pollen was not produced, the filaments elongated only slightly, and anthesis did not occur. Infected ovaries were not fertilized, but they enlarged at a faster rate and achieved a larger size than the healthy ovaries. Greening of the infected ovaries was correlated with the onset of teliospore formation in the ovary, and as sporulation continued, the greening intensified. Healthy spikelets usually supported only two developing grains (the distal florets aborted), but 6-10 infected kernels were commonly produced per spikelet on dwarf-bunted plants. The possible involvement of hormones in the abnormal morphological alterations of the infected florets is discussed. Excised wheat spikelets infected with Tilletia controversa were successfully grown in liquid culture media containing sucrose, glutamine, salts, and minor organic factors. Varying the composition of the medium affected sporulation in the ovaries, and the highest sporulation occurred at 3 g L-1 of glutamine
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