Many big-data (BD) processors reduce power consumption by employing ternary content-addressable-memory (TCAM) 1-2 with pre-stored signature patterns as filters to reduce the amount of data sent for ...processing in the following stage (i.e., wireless transmission). To further reduce standby power, BD-processors commonly use nonvolatile memory (NVM) to back up the signature patterns of SRAM-based TCAM (sTCAM) 3 during power interruptions or frequent-off operations. However, this 2-macro (sTCAM + NVM) scheme suffers long delays and requires considerable energy for wake-up operations, due to the word-by-word serial transfer of data between NVM and TCAM macros. Most of the signature patterns are seldom updated (written); therefore, single-macro nonvolatile TCAM (nvTCAM) can be used for BD-processors to reduce area and facilitate fast/low-power wake-up operations, compared to the 2-macro approach. Previous nvTCAMs were designed using diode-connected 4T2R with STT-MTJ (D4T2R) 4, 2T2R with PCM 5, and 4T2R with ReRAM 2; however, they suffer the following issues: (1) large cell area (A) and high write energy (E w ) due to the use of two NVM (2R) devices; (2) limited word-length (WDL, /k-bits) caused by small current-ratio (I-ratio= I ML-MIS /(K×I ML )) between match-line (ML) mismatch current (I ML-MIS ) and ML leakage current of k matched cells (k × I ML-MIS ); (3) Long search delays (T SD ) and excessive search energy (E s ) due to large ML parasitic load (C ML ) and small I-ratio. ReRAM is promising for nvTCAM due to its low E w , high resistance-ratio (R-ratio), and multiple-level cell (MLC) capability. To overcome issue (1) to (3), this study develops an MLC-based 3T1R nvTCAM with bi-directional voltage-divider control (BVDC). A 2×64×64b 3T1R nvTCAM macro is fabricated using back-end-of-line (BEOL) ReRAM 6 and a 90nm CMOS process, with 2.27× cell size reduction as compared with sTCAM using the same technology and the T SD (=0.96ns) for WDL=64b.
Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has exhibited a poor overall survival rate of only six to ten months, and the urgency of the development of more effective novel agents is ever ...present. In this line of research, we aimed to investigate the effects and inhibitive mechanisms of aqueous
leaf extract (OGE), the extract of
, which is commonly used as a therapeutic herb for its numerous pharmacological properties, on malignant HCC cells. Our results showed that OGE decreased the cell viability of HCC SK-Hep1 and HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner (from 400 to 800 µg/mL), while there is little effect on Chang liver cells. Moreover, cell-cycle analysis shows increased Sub-G1 cell count in SK-Hep1 and HA22T cells which is not observed in Chang liver cells. These findings raise suspicion that the OGE-induced cell death may be mediated through proteins that regulate cell cycle and apoptosis in SK-Hep1 and HA22T cells, and further experimentation revealed that OGE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in caspase 3 and PARP expressions and in CDK4and p-ERK1/2expressions. Moreover, animal tests also exhibited decreased HCC tumor growth by OGE treatment. We therefore suggest that the inhibition of cell viability and tumor growth induced by OGE may be correlated to the alteration of apoptosis-related proteins.
To compare gene expression patterns between the poorly-differentiated (HA22T/VGH) and well-differentiated (HepG2) hepatocellular carcinoma cells, messenger RNA was isolated form both kinds of cells ...and subjected to differential displays reversing transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) technology. Gene fragments showing difference in the expression were recovered, reamplified, cloned and sequenced. Anion exchanger 2 (AE2), an isoform of band 3 protein, was identified and chosen for further characterization. AE2 was strongly expressed in HA22T/VGH cells, while it was little expressed in the well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells (PLC/PRF5 and HepG2) or little in the normal liver cell (Chang liver). In the 28 pairs of HCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues, levels in the cancer tissue (32.7 +/- 5.0) were significantly higher than that in the adjacent non-tumor tissue (9.1 +/- 2.4) (P < 0.01). Moreover, 19 cases (68%) showed over-expression of AE2 in HCC tissues, 3 cases were similar in both tissues, and 6 cases exhibited little or undetectable signals. Twenty cases (71%) of adjacent normal tissue showed little or undetectable signals. The results indicated that overexpression of AE2 may be involved in the development of human HCC.
Early data from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm) suggest that previous studies over-estimated the within-country rate of spatial spread of pandemic influenza. As large spatially-resolved data sets ...are constructed, the need for efficient simulation code with which to investigate the spatial patterns of the pandemic becomes clear. Here, we describe a significant improvement in the efficiency of an individual-based stochastic disease simulation framework that has been used for multiple previous studies. We quantify the efficiency of the revised algorithm and present an alternative parameterization of the model in terms of the basic reproductive number. We apply the model to the population of Taiwan and demonstrate how the location of the initial seed can influence spatial incidence profiles and the overall spread of the epidemic. Differences in incidence are driven by the relative connectivity of alternate seed locations.
In this study, the molecular mechanism of protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) gene regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involving Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1) and myeloid zinc finger-1 (MZF-1) ...was investigated. The luciferase reporter assay results revealed that the presence of both MZF-1 and Elk-1 significantly contributed to the upregulation of PKCalpha gene transcription activity, and the transcriptional activity decreased when the transfection included a DNA-binding-deficient (incrementDBD) gene vector of either MZF-1 or Elk-1 DNA-binding deficiency (MZF-1incrementDBD or Elk-1incrementDBD), thereby indicating that the enhanced expression of PKCalpha was caused by the binding of MZF-1 and/or Elk-1 with the PKCalpha promoter. We investigated MZF-1 and Elk-1 to determine whether they bind to each other. The results of immunoprecipitation (IP), Co-IP, chromatin IP (ChIP), and Re-ChIP analyses indicated that Elk-1 can directly bind to the N-terminal region of MZF-1 and MZF-1 can directly bind to the C-terminal region of Elk-1 to form a complex before attaching to the PKCalpha promoter. Furthermore, when MZF-1incrementDBD or Elk-1incrementDBD was added to the cells, PKCalpha expression decreased, and cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity also decreased. These findings suggest that PKCalpha expression in HCC could be stimulated by the formation of MZF-1/Elk-1 complex, which directly binds to the PKCalpha promoter.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Variations in the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) have been observed in different types of tumors. Although these inconsistent findings may be attributed to the alterations of individual PKC ...isoforms, the effects of general anesthetic may not be neglected. In this study, biopsies and surgical specimens were obtained from patients with HCC, and the levels of PKCalpha were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PKCalpha expression in biopsies was mainly revealed on the cell membrane of hepatocytes whereas that in the surgical specimens was in the cytosol and on the membrane. In both types of specimens, the PKCalpha level in HCC was significantly higher than that in the adjacent non-tumorous tissue. Moreover, the level of PKCalpha in biopsies was significantly higher than that in surgical specimens of the corresponding tissue type. These findings suggested that general anesthetics may significantly affect the expression of PKCalpha, and the effects of anesthetics should not be neglected in observations which were made only based on surgical specimens.
The organotypic culture technique and quantitative gelatin zymography were used to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 in human breast cancer and adjacent normal ...breast tissue and fibroadenoma. MMP-9 and MMP2 were constitutively expressed in all cultures. The release of these two enzymes in breast cancer was higher than that in adjacent normal breast tissue and fibroadenoma. Administration of 12-o-tetradecanoyl- phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) increased the release of MMP-9 but not of MMP-2. This response was inhibited by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (H7), transcription inhibitor (actinomycin D) and translation inhibitor (cycloheximide). Moreover, the increased level of MMP-9 by TPA in breast cancer was also higher than that in adjacent normal breast tissue and fibroadenoma. These phenomena were also observed in the DAG-treated culture. These findings suggested that the MMP-9 expression in the breast cancer tissue may be more sensitive for the PKC activation.
With IoT devices are widely deployed, numerous IoT data are generated and transmitted to cloud servers for further process. As numerous IoT data usually lead to congestion, the edge computing ...technology is further emerging to alleviate this problem. Generally, the decision that which data are transmitted to edge nodes or cloud servers and which data stay will significantly influence the system performance. Therefore, proposing a practical resource management for edge computing becomes a necessity. However, in IoT environments, not only the data request model is highly dynamic but also multiple types of resource are required in resource allocation. Existing resource managements cannot totally solve these problems. To this end, this paper proposes a Dynamic Multiple Resource Management (DMRM) applying the Multi-Resource Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MR-BPSO) to allocate multiple resources in dynamic IoT environments. Moreover, three experiments are provided to present the task complete rate in three situations, including the dynamic request, dynamic resource as well as dynamic request and resource. Comparing with other resource managements, the proposed MR-BPSO has better performance, and therefore the DMRM is more applicable in dynamic IoT environments.
This study proposes an RC-filtered stress-decoupled (RCSD) 4T2R nonvolatile TCAM (nvTCAM) to 1) suppress match-line (ML) leakage current from match cells (I ML-M ), 2) reduce ML parasitic load (C ML ...), 3) decouple NVM-stress from wordlength (WDL) and I ML-MIS . RCSD reduces NVM-stress by 7+x, and achieves a 4+x improvement in speed-WDL-capacity-product. A 128×32b RCSD nvTCAM macro was fabricated using HfO ReRAM and an 180nm CMOS. This paper presents the first ReRAM-based nvTCAM featuring the shortest (1.2ns) search delay (T SD ) among nvTCAMs with WDL≥32b.
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