The light reflection properties of Ge disk lattices on Si substrates are studied as a function of the disk height and the gap width between disks. The interdisk spacing effect is observed even at ...such large gap widths as 500 nm. The gap width decrease leads to the appearance of the reflection minimum in the short wavelength region relative to one originated from the magnetic and electric dipole resonances in individual Ge disks, thereby essentially widening the antireflection properties. This minimum becomes significantly deeper at small gap widths. The observed behavior is associated with the features of the resonant fields around closely spaced disks according to numerical simulation data. The result shows the importance of using structures with geometrical parameters providing the short-wavelength minimum. This can essentially enhance their other resonant properties, which are widely used for applications, in particular, based on collective lattice resonances.
Abstract Distributed intelligence systems (DIS) containing natural and artificial intelligence agents (NIA and AIA) for decision making (DM) belong to promising interdisciplinary studies aimed at ...digitalization of routine processes in industry, economy, management, and everyday life. In this work, we suggest a novel quantum-inspired approach to investigate the crucial features of DIS consisting of NIAs (users) and AIAs (digital assistants, or avatars). We suppose that N users and their avatars are located in N nodes of a complex avatar - avatar network. The avatars can receive information from and transmit it to each other within this network, while the users obtain information from the outside. The users are associated with their digital assistants and cannot communicate with each other directly. Depending on the meaningfulness/uselessness of the information presented by avatars, users show their attitude making emotional binary “like”/“dislike” responses. To characterize NIA cognitive abilities in a simple DM process, we propose a mapping procedure for the Russell’s valence-arousal circumplex model onto an effective quantum-like two-level system. The DIS aims to maximize the average satisfaction of users via AIAs long-term adaptation to their users. In this regard, we examine the opinion formation and social impact as a result of the collective emotional state evolution occurring in the DIS. We show that generalized cooperativity parameters $$G_i$$ G i , $$i=1,\dots,N$$ i = 1 , ⋯ , N introduced in this work play a significant role in DIS features reflecting the users activity in possible cooperation and responses to their avatar suggestions. These parameters reveal how frequently AIAs and NIAs communicate with each other accounting the cognitive abilities of NIAs and information losses within the network. We demonstrate that conditions for opinion formation and social impact in the DIS are relevant to the second-order non-equilibrium phase transition. The transition establishes a non-vanishing average information field inherent to information diffusion and long-term avatar adaptation to their users. It occurs above the phase transition threshold, i.e. at $$G_i>1$$ G i > 1 , which implies small (residual) social polarization of the NIAs community. Below the threshold, at weak AIA–NIA coupling ( $$G_i\le 1$$ G i ≤ 1 ), many uncertainties in the DIS inhibit opinion formation and social impact for the DM agents due to the information diffusion suppression; the AIAs self-organization within the avatar–avatar network is elucidated in this limit. To increase the users’ impact, we suggest an adaptive approach by establishing a network-dependent coupling rate with their digital assistants. In this case, the mechanism of AIA control helps resolve the DM process in the presence of some uncertainties resulting from the variety of users’ preferences. Our findings open new perspectives in different areas where AIAs become effective teammates for humans to solve common routine problems in network organizations.
An abelian group
is quotient divisible if
has no torsion divisible subgroups but possesses a free subgroup
of finite rank such that
is a torsion divisible group. Quotient divisible groups were ...introduced by Beaumont and Pierce in the class of torsion-free groups in 1961, and by Wickless and Fomin, in the general case in 1998. This paper deals with the abelian groups generalizing quotient divisible groups (we refer to them as generalized quotient divisible groups or
-groups). We prove that an abelian group
of infinite rank is a
-group if and only if every
-rank of
does not exceed the rank of
.
The results of numerical analysis of a new design of a hybrid powerful microwave generator based on a virtual cathode are presented. Its electrodynamic system is a double-gap resonator with seven ...transit channels where a multipath electron beam moves. The dimensions of the resonator were chosen in such a way as to provide a monotron effect in the in-phase mode. From an analysis of the Fourier spectra and phase portraits of the output signal oscillations, five characteristic generation regimes were revealed in the considered ranges of the induction of the focusing magnetic field and electron beam current. Oscillations close to single-frequency are observed in one of the regimes (regime <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{A} </tex-math></inline-formula>). In other regimes, chaotic oscillations are observed, which differ in spectral composition. From the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation results, it follows that the generation in regime <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{A} </tex-math></inline-formula> occurs at a frequency of the in-phase mode and is characterized by high value efficiency. The maximum efficiency value of 13.6% was obtained with an electron beam current of 3 kA and a focusing magnetic field of 0.7 T.
The principal advantage of antireflection coatings consisting of subwavelength dielectric particle arrays is their ability to change the propagation direction of incident electromagnetic radiation ...and direct it along substrate surface layers. We have studied coatings consisting of Ge disk lattices on a glass substrate coated with an ITO film. The addition of Ge disks reduces the reflection in the wavelength region of the dipole and quadrupole resonances excited in the disks, compared to the ITO film reflection alone. Ge disk lattices also provide a much stronger absorption, compared to a Ge coating of the same thickness as the height of the disks. The presence of a peak in the absorption spectra and its dependence on the lattice period indicates that scattered radiation participates in the collective lattice resonance and is directed along the substrate surface. Such property of dielectric particle coatings can increase the efficiency of photoelectric devices, such as solar cells and photodetectors.
•Mie resonator coatings essentially change incident light propagation direction.•Deposition of Ge Mie nano-resonators on ITO film coatings reduces light reflection.•Ge Mie nano-resonator coatings significantly increase light propagation in substrate.•Lattice resonances in Mie resonator coatings indicate propagation media of light.
The paper presents the results of three-dimensional modeling of a two-gap output cavity of three-barreled multibeam klystrons. The coaxial output of energy has a simple design and allows achieving ...the simultaneous output of microwave energy at two frequ encies of the Ku band, one of which is in the beginning of the range and corresponds to the antiphase (π) type of oscillations of double gridless gap, and the second of which corresponds to the inphase (2π) type in the end of this range. It is shown that the application of the developed cavity in a three-barreled design of 57-beam klystrons with a general number of beams
N
= 57 allows, at working on a inphase type of oscillations, obtaining the level of continuous output power of approximately 3 kW in the amplification band of 100 MHz at an accelerating voltage of 5.4 kV and current density in a single beam of 35 A/cm
2
. It is shown that the self-excitation of a klystron cavity on the antiphase type of oscillations is absent. This is reached due to the presence of metamaterial in the hybrid design of the output cavity and as a result of optimal selection of the parameters of double gaps that avoids the appearance of interaction regions with the negative zone of electron-type conductivity. It is demonstrated that the frequency of the inphase type of oscillations can be adjusted (within 12%) using the longitudinal ribs introduced into the volume of the cavity.
The main purpose of this work is to define the biological and economic features of various phenological forms of aspen. The research objectives were to visualize the early budbreaking (E), the late ...budbreaking (L) and the intermediate budbreaking (I) aspen phenological forms and to study the differences in prevalence of heart rot attack, productivity and quality of wood stock, and timber density. The research methodology included stationary and route observations. Stationary surveys were conducted on 4 pairs of trial areas in the C2 and D3 forest types. It is observed 620 allotments (total area 823.1 ha). It was found that budbreaking of the E-forms began in for 7-14 days earlier than of the L-forms. The prevalence of heart rot attack among the L-forms was by 30-40 % less, than among the E-forms. The stem quality of the L-forms was higher by 14-50 %. The timber density of the L-forms is reliability higher than of the E-forms.
The Abelian groups of each of the following classes are completely described: (∗) class of Abelian groups such that all the acts over them are finitely approximated, (∗∗) Abelian groups such that all ...the acts over them are approximated by the acts consisting of
n
or less elements, where
n
is some natural number. In particular, a group belongs to the class (∗∗) if and only if it is bounded.
The purpose of this publication is to generalize the available experimental data on the survival, growth, stability, technical and other characteristics of this hybrid and to clarify proposals for ...its practical use. Long-term studies have been carried out on the five variety testing sites in various soil and climatic zones of the South-Eastern part of Russia and in Ukraine. The survival rate of this poplar were quite high (from 75 to 96%), on average 81%. The age of economic exploitability in the forest-steppe zone with a 20 m2 feeding area per tree was equal to 29 years. To this age the 'Voronezh Giant' accumulated stem wood stock of 550-640 m3/ha. The duration of shoot growth was 146 days, and the growing season was 177 days. It was distinguished by high winter hardiness, relative drought resistance, wind resistance, low damage by primary and secondary entomopests, and affection with phytodiseases, but a low straight trunk. It has a fairly high timber density, the length of the wood fiber and the cellulose content, which is important for the pulp and paper industry. The freshly picked green leaves of this poplar are close to the nutritional value of meadow herbs and lucerne. In general, the poplar 'Voronezh Giant' is promising for growing wood pulp, introducing into energy, shelter-belts, roadsides, riversides and other reclamation plantings. Given into account its male gender and high decorativeness, it can be also recommended in the greenery landscaping.
We report the results of numerical simulation of a Mach - Zehnder electro-optical modulator using beam splitters based on multimode interference in a silicon-on-insulator structure. The control is ...provided due to the depletion effect in the vertical p - n junction, which can be fabricated using the self-alignment technology. An optimal modulator design is proposed, which impedance is matched with an external 50-Ω load, for which, with a reverse bias of - 5 V and an active length of 1.7 mm, the optical frequency bandwidth of ∼ 50 GHz can be achieved. A special doping profile of the p - n junction of the modulator is presented, which provides an optical frequency bandwidth of 30 GHz with a reverse bias of -3 V and a modulator length of 2.5 mm. Such modulators can be used in integrated optics, optical communications and radio photonics devices.
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