Abstract
We introduce a novel method for identifying the mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays using deep learning. The key idea of the method is to use a chain of two neural networks. ...The first network predicts the type of a primary particle for individual events, while the second infers the mass composition of an ensemble of events. We apply this method to the Monte-Carlo data for the Telescope Array Surface Detectors readings, on which it yields an unprecedented low error of 7% for 4-component approximation. We also discuss the problems of applying the developed method to the experimental data, and the way they can be resolved.
The extremely low flux of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) makes their direct observation by orbital experiments practically impossible. For this reason all current and planned UHECR experiments ...detect cosmic rays indirectly by observing the extensive air showers (EAS) initiated by cosmic ray particles in the atmosphere. The world largest statistics of the ultra-high energy EAS events is recorded by the networks of surface stations. In this paper we consider a novel approach for reconstruction of the arrival direction of the primary particle based on the deep convolutional neural network. The latter is using raw time-resolved signals of the set of the adjacent trigger stations as an input. The Telescope Array (TA) Surface Detector (SD) is an array of 507 stations, each containing two layers plastic scintillator with an area of 3 m2. The training of the model is performed with the Monte-Carlo dataset. It is shown that within the Monte-Carlo simulations, the new approach yields better resolution than the traditional reconstruction method based on the fitting of the EAS front. The details of the network architecture and its optimization for this particular task are discussed.
In the study of cosmic rays, the measurement of the energy spectrum of the primaries is one of the main issues and provides fundamental information on the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. At ...ultrahigh energies, beyond 10
18
eV, the cosmic rays are studied by the two largest observatories built so far, the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array. Both observatories are based on a hybrid design and reported a measurement of the energy spectrum using the high duty cycle of the surface detector and the calorimetric estimation of the energy scale provided by the fluorescence detector.
The differences among the reported spectra are scrutinized by a working group made by members of the Pierre Auger and Telescope Array Collaborations. The two measurements have been found well in agreement below 10
19
eV while, at higher energies, they show an energy-dependent difference that is beyond the systematic uncertainties associated to the energy scale.
In this contribution we review the status and perspectives of the working group activities including new studies aiming at addressing the impact on the flux measurement at the highest energies of potential biases in the estimation of the shower size.
Andes Large-area PArticle detector for Cosmic-ray physics and Astronomy (ALPACA) is an international experiment that applies southern very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray astronomy to determine the ...origin of cosmic rays around the knee energy region (10
15
eV − 10
16
eV). The experiment consists of an air shower (AS) array with a surface of 83,000m
2
and an underground water Cherenkov muon detector (MD) array covering 5,400m
2
. The experimental site is at the Mt. Chacaltaya plateau in La Paz, Bolivia, with an altitude of 4,740m corresponding to 572g/cm
2
atmospheric thickness. As the prototype experiment of ALPACA, the ALPAQUITA experiment aims to begin data acquisition in late 2021. The ALPAQUITA array consists of a smaller AS array (18,450m
2
) and underground MD (900m
2
), which are now under construction. ALPAQUITA’s sensitivity to gamma-ray sources is evaluated with Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation finds that five gamma-ray sources observed by H.E.S.S. and HAWC experiments will be detected by ALPAQUITA beyond 10TeV and ne out of these five - HESS J1702-420A - above 300 TeV in one calendar year observation. The latter finding means that scientific discussions can be made on the emission mechanism of gamma rays beyond 100TeV from southern sources on the basis of the observational results of this prototype experiment.
Observation techniques of high-energy gamma rays using air showers have remarkably progressed via the Tibet AS
γ
, HAWC, and LHAASO experiments. These observations have significantly contributed to ...gamma-ray astronomy in the northern sky’s sub-PeV region. Moreover, in the southern sky, the ALPACA experiment is underway at 4,740 m altitude on the Chacaltaya plateau in Bolivia. This experiment estimates the gamma-ray flux from the difference between the number of on-source and off-source events by real data, utilizing the gamma-ray detection efficiency calculated through Monte Carlo simulations, which in turn depends on the hadronic interaction models. Even though the number of cosmic-ray background events can be experimentally estimated, this model dependence affects the estimation of gamma-ray detection efficiency. However, previous reports have assumed that the model dependence is negligible and have not included it in the error of gamma-ray flux estimation. Using ALPAQUITA, the prototype experiment of ALPACA, we quantitatively evaluated the model dependence on hadronic interaction models for the first time. We evaluate the model dependence on hadronic interactions as less than 3.6 % in the typical gamma-ray flux estimation performed by ALPAQUITA; this is negligible compared with other uncertainties such as energy scale uncertainty in the energy range from 6 to 300 TeV, which is dominated by the Monte Carlo statistics. This upper limit of 3.6 % model dependence is expected to apply to ALPACA.
The ALPACA experiment is a new international project between Bolivia and Japan. It is going to consist of an 83,000 m2 surface air-shower array and a 5,400 m2 underground water Cherenkov muon ...detector array, and the experimental site is at Mt. Chacaltaya plateau at an altitude of 4,740 m. Its main target is to observe 100 TeV gamma rays and explore high-energy gamma-ray sources in the southern sky. This is because such high-energy gamma rays hold the key to identify the origin of cosmic rays at the knee region of the energy spectrum. So far many high-energy gamma-ray sources have been found in the southern sky. They are emitting gamma rays of several tens of TeV, so some of them could be PeVatrons which accelerate cosmic rays to PeV energy region in the Galaxy. By observing them in higher energy region, we will obtain new knowledge of cosmic-ray acceleration to the knee region, and discover new gamma-ray sources. As the prototype experiment of ALPACA, the ALPAQUITA experiment is now under construction. In a MC simulation, we found that ALPAQUITA has the ability of detecting bright gamma-ray sources in the southern hemisphere such as Vela X within 1 year.
We present a summary of the measurements of mass sensitive parameters at the highest cosmic ray energies done by several experiments. The X sub(max) distribution as a function of energy has been ...measured with fluorescence telescopes by the HiRes, TA and Auger experiments and with Cherenkov light detectors by Yakutsk. The left angle bracketX sub(max)right angle bracket or the average mass ( left angle bracketInAright angle bracket ) has been also inferred using ground detectors, such as muon and water Cherenkov detectors. We discuss the different data analyses elaborated by each collaboration in order to extract the relevant Information. Special attention is given to the different approaches used in the analysis of the data measured by fluorescence detectors in order to take into account detector biases. We present a careful analysis of the stability and performance of each analysis. The results of the different experiments will be compared
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a high-energy astroparticle physics space experiment installed on the International Space Station (ISS), developed and operated by Japan in ...collaboration with Italy and the United States. The CALET mission goals include the investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, of the details of galactic particle acceleration and propagation, and of potential signatures of dark matter. CALET measures the cosmic-ray electron+positron flux up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays up to 10 TeV, and nuclei with Z=1 to 40 up to 1, 000 TeV for the more abundant elements during a long-term observation aboard the ISS. Starting science operation in mid-October 2015, CALET performed continuous observation without major interruption with close to 20 million triggered events over 10 GeV per month. Based on the data taken during the first two-years, we present an overview of CALET observations: 1) Electron+positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation including a characterization of on-orbit performance. Results of the electromagnetic counterpart search for LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are discussed as well.
The CALorimetric Electron Telescope CALET is a space instrument designed to carry out precision measurements of high energy cosmic-rays on the JEM-EF external platform on the International Space ...Station, where it has been collecting science data continuously since mid October 2015. In addition to its primary goal of identifying nearby sources of high-energy electrons and possible signatures of dark matter in the electron spectrum, CALET is carrying out extensive measurements of the energy spectra, relative abundances and secondary-to-primary ratios of elements from proton to iron, and even above (up to Z = 40), studying the details of galactic particle propagation and acceleration. An overview of CALET based on the data taken during the first three years of observations is presented, including a direct measurement of the electron+positron energy spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV. The proton spectrum has been measured from 50 GeV to 10 TeV covering, for the first time with a single space-borne instrument, the whole energy interval previously investigated in separate sub-ranges by magnetic spectrometers and calorimetric instruments. Preliminary spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei are also presented, together with gamma-ray observations and searches for an e.m. counterpart of LIGO/Virgo GW events.
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