Comparison of genomic sequences flanking the
HLA-DQB1 locus in the human MHC class II region reveals local sequence variation of up to 10%, which is the highest level of sequence variation found in ...the human genome so far. The variation is haplotype-specific and extends far beyond the transcriptional unit of the
DQB1 gene, suggesting hitch-hiking along with functionally selected alleles as the most likely mechanism. All major insertions/deletions (indels) were found to be of retroviral origin and in the immediate upstream region of
DQB1. Possible
cis-acting effects of these indels on the transcriptional regulation of
DQB1 are discussed.
Chromosome 6 is probably best known for encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which is essential to the human immune response. In addition, it has been shown to be associated with many ...diseases such Schizophrenia, Diabetes, Arthritis, Haemochromatosis, Narcolepsy, Epilepsy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Deafness, Ovarian Cancer, and many more. Chromosome 6 is about 180 Mb in size and is estimated to encode around 3500 genes of which only about 10% are currently known. It is our aim to map, sequence and annotate the entire chromosome in close collaboration with the chromosome 6 community.
•Lecanosticta spp.now recorded in 44 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere.•L. acicola has increased its range, now found in 24 out of 26 European countries.•Climate change means L. acicola ...could affect 74% of Pinus forested area by 2100.•Lecanosticta species were recorded on 70 hosts, including Pinus, Cedrus and Picea.•We explore global BSNB management strategies using European Case studies.
European forests are threatened by increasing numbers of invasive pests and pathogens. Over the past century, Lecanosticta acicola, a foliar pathogen predominantly of Pinus spp., has expanded its range globally, and is increasing in impact. Lecanosticta acicola causes brown spot needle blight, resulting in premature defoliation, reduced growth, and mortality in some hosts. Originating from southern regions of North American, it devastated forests in the USA’s southern states in the early twentieth century, and in 1942 was discovered in Spain.
Derived from Euphresco project ‘Brownspotrisk,’ this study aimed to establish the current distribution of Lecanosticta species, and assess the risks of L. acicola to European forests. Pathogen reports from the literature, and new/ unpublished survey data were combined into an open-access geo-database (http://www.portalofforestpathology.com), and used to visualise the pathogen’s range, infer its climatic tolerance, and update its host range. Lecanosticta species have now been recorded in 44 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The type species, L. acicola, has increased its range in recent years, and is present in 24 out of the 26 European countries where data were available. Other species of Lecanosticta are largely restricted to Mexico and Central America, and recently Colombia.
The geo-database records demonstrate that L. acicola tolerates a wide range of climates across the northern hemisphere, and indicate its potential to colonise Pinus spp. forests across large swathes of the Europe. Preliminary analyses suggest L. acicola could affect 62% of global Pinus species area by the end of this century, under climate change predictions.
Although its host range appears slightly narrower than the similar Dothistroma species, Lecanosticta species were recorded on 70 host taxa, mostly Pinus spp., but including, Cedrus and Picea spp. Twenty-three, including species of critical ecological, environmental and economic significance in Europe, are highly susceptible to L. acicola, suffering heavy defoliation and sometimes mortality. Variation in apparent susceptibility between reports could reflect variation between regions in the hosts’ genetic make-up, but could also reflect the significant variation in L. acicola populations and lineages found across Europe. This study served to highlight significant gaps in our understanding of the pathogen’s behaviour.
Lecanosticta acicola has recently been downgraded from an A1 quarantine pest to a regulated non quarantine pathogen, and is now widely distributed across Europe. With a need to consider disease management, this study also explored global BSNB strategies, and used Case Studies to summarise the tactics employed to date in Europe.
Summary
Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) caused by Dothistroma septosporum and Dothistroma pini is a damaging disease of pine in many countries. The disease led to the abandonment of planting ...susceptible Pinus species in parts of Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe and North America. Although the disease can be effectively controlled using copper fungicides, this chemical is only routinely applied in forests in New Zealand and Australia. Other management tactics aimed at making conditions less favourable for disease development, such as thinning or pruning, may be effective on some, but not all, sites. Disease avoidance, by planting non‐susceptible species, is the most common form of management in Europe, along with deployment of hosts with strong disease resistance. Although D. septosporum is present almost everywhere Pinus is grown, it is important that an effort is maintained to exclude introductions of new haplotypes that could increase virulence or enable host resistance to be overcome. A global strategy to exclude new introductions of Dothistroma and other damaging forest pathogens, facilitated by collaborative programmes and legislation, is needed.
Massive haemoptysis may arise as a result of lung malignancy. This case represents the first report of an ovarian granulosa cell tumour metastasising many years after initial tumour resection to the ...lung causing life-threatening haemoptysis. The management and subsequent clinical course of the patient are discussed as well as the natural history of granulosa-theca cell tumours.
1
Estimates were made of the affinity constants for postganglionic acetylcholine receptors of the guinea‐pig ileum of the esters of 3,3‐dimethylbutan‐1‐ol with benzilic, ...(±)‐cyclohexylphenylglycollic, (±)‐mandelic, and diphenylacetic acids.
2
Attempts were made to check the competitive nature of the antagonism by using as wide a range of concentrations of antagonist as possible, consistent with their limited solubility, and by testing some of the compunds in the presence of a known competitive antagonist.
3
By comparing the affinities with those of the corresponding quaternary nitrogen compounds, the contribution made by the positive charge in the onium group to the binding by receptors may be assessed and has been found to be variable. The carbon analogue of benziloylcholine has about one‐tenth of its affinity, that of (±)‐cyclohexylphenylglycolloylcholine has only about one‐sixtieth of its affinity, but that of (±)‐mandelylcholine has slightly higher affinity than that of (±)‐mandelylcholine itself.
4
3,3‐Dimethylbutylacetate appeared to be a partial agonist with an affinity constant of about 2.6 × 103. The contribution made by the positive charge to the binding of acetylcholine at these receptors therefore seems likely to lie within the range observed with antagonists and there is no reason to believe that there is necessarily greater intimacy of association by agonists than by antagonists.
5
Although the C—C and N—C bonds in —CMe3 and —NMe3 are similar in length, the groups do not occupy the same volume in solution in water.
Section for Library Work with Children Thomson, Jean; Brown, Alice E.; Hamilton, Elisabeth B. ...
ALA bulletin,
10/1939, Letnik:
33, Številka:
11
Journal Article
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