Emotional manipulation in romantic relationships is a subtle form of controlling a partner through emotional pressure, inducing feelings of guilt, blackmail, ignoring, passive-aggressive behaviors, ...and other manipulative tactics. However, it is often invisible, elusive, and difficult to prove, which additionally makes this form of abuse highly dangerous. Emotional manipulation can have serious consequences on an individual's mental health, including increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. It can also lead to reduced self-confidence, feelings of helplessness, and a loss of control over one's own life. To raise awareness about the harmful effects of emotional manipulation, both for the quality of the romantic relationship, and for the mental health of the individual, this paper presents scientifically-based information on this construct, and describes some of the most common tactics of emotional manipulation, which are used in romantic relationships. Through scientific and professional discussions and education, society can become better informed about emotional manipulation, and create an environment in which victims feel safe to express their issues and seek help.
BACKGROUND/AIM. In (counter)transference relationship therapist's interpersonal style, implying the perceived relation of therapist to a client (patient) in terms of control, autonomy, care and ...positive feedback, has been shown to be important. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between therapist's interpersonal style and clients' personality self-reports. Within therapist's interpersonal style, preliminary validation of the Therapist's Interpersonal Style Scale has been conducted, which included double translation method, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, as well as the reliability tests of the derived components.
This research was conducted on a group of 206 clients, attending one of the four psychotherapy modalities: psychoanalysis, gestalt therapy, cognitive-behavioral and systemic family therapy. Beside Therapist's Interpersonal Style Scale, Big Five Questionnaire and Therapy Benefit Scale were administered, showing good internal consistency.
Principal component analysis of therapist's interpersonal style singled out two components Supportive Autonomy and Ignoring Control, explaining 42% of variance. Two-factor model of the therapist's styles was better fitted in confirmatory factor analysis than the original 4-factor model. Structural model showing indirect and direct effects of therapist's interpersonal styles on self-reports in clients indicates good fitness (χ²(12) = 8.932, p = 0.709; goodness-of-fit index = 0.989), with Ignoring Control having direct effect on Stability, Supportive Autonomy on Therapy Benefit, and Therapy Benefit on Plasticity.
The results of this study indicate the importance of further research on therapist's interpersonal style, as well as further validation of the instrument that measures this construct. Besides, a client's perception that the therapy is being helpful could instigate more explorative and approach-oriented behavior, what indirectly might contribute to a client's stability.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cilj je ovog istraživanja ispitati doprinos varijabli obiteljskog i varijabli vršnjačkog konteksta u objašnjenju samopoštovanja tijekom rane, srednje i kasne adolescencije. U istraživanju je ...sudjelovalo 344 osnovnoškolaca, 370 srednjoškolaca te 357 studenata. Prosječna dob sudionika u skupini mlađih adolescenata iznosi M = 12.6 (SD = 0.63), u skupini srednjih adolescenata M = 16.5 (SD = 0.57), a u skupini starijih adolescenata M = 20.6 (SD = 1.17). Primijenjeni su sljedeći instrumenti: Upitnik općih podataka, Upitnik roditeljskog prihvaćanja-odbacivanja, Skala obiteljske prilagodljivosti i kohezivnosti, Upitnik kvalitete prijateljstva, Upitnik privrženosti vršnjacima – revidirana verzija i Rosenbergova skala za mjerenje samopoštovanja. Rezultati provedenih hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza upućuju na to da set prediktorskih varijabli objašnjava 38% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod mlađih, 21% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod srednjih i 27% ukupne varijance samopoštovanja kod starijih adolescenata. Kada su u pitanju obiteljske varijable, u skupini mlađih i srednjih adolescenata značajni su prediktori samopoštovanja varijable roditeljsko prihvaćanje-odbacivanje od strane majke i obiteljska prilagodljivost i kohezivnost, a kod starijih adolescenata varijable roditeljsko prihvaćanje-odbacivanje od strane majke i oca. Od varijabli vršnjačkog konteksta kao značajan prediktor samopoštovanja u sve tri skupine adolescenata izdvojila se kvaliteta privrženosti vršnjacima. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da je pri razmatranju obiteljskih i vršnjačkih odrednica samopoštovanja kod adolescenata nužno uzeti u obzir različite oblike obiteljskih i vršnjačkih interakcija, ali i uvažavati razvojne specifičnosti pojedinih razdoblja adolescencije.
The aim of this paper was to examine the contribution of family, and peers context variables in explaining the variance of self-esteem during early, middle, and late adolescence. The research sample consisted of 344 elementary school students, 370 high school students and 357 college students. The average age of participants was M = 12.6 (SD = 0.63) for young adolescents, M = 16.5 (SD = 0.57) for middle adolescents, and M = 20.6 (SD = 1.17) for older adolescents. The following instruments were applied: General Data Questionnaire, Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Friendship Quality Questionnaire, Inventory of Peer Attachment-Revised and Self-esteem Scale. The results of hierarchical analyses indicate that set of predictor variables account for 38% of total variance of self-esteem in young, 21% of total variance of self-esteem in middle and 27% of total variance of self-esteem in older adolescents. With respect to family context variables, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by parental acceptance-rejection of mothers and family cohesion and adaptability in young and middle adolescents, and by perceived parental acceptance-rejection of both (mothers and fathers) in older adolescents. Considering peer context variables, in all three adolescent groups, the self-esteem was significantly predicted by perceived quality of attachment with peers. The results of this study indicate the necessity of taking into account the different forms of family and peers interactions, as well as the developmental specificities of a particular period of adolescence when considering family and peers determinants of self-esteem in adolescents.
The theory of evolution inevitably directs our thoughts towards classical Darwinist concept of the natural selection - competition for survival of the fittest. However, Darwin was trying to explain ...that a process of evolution is much more than that. Actually survival without reproduction means genetical cul de sac (blind road). Looking from evolutional perspective, there is nothing more important than reproduction and parenthood. Therefore, by considering earlier evolutionary concepts Robert Trievers (Trievers, 1972) was among the first authors who described basic reproductive differences between sexes in his theory parents' investment. Sexual selection is in a very gist of Darwin's theory. Understanding differences between women and men in their parent's investment has facilitated a start of human reproduction psychology studies. Reproduction task could be divided into two phases: finding an appropriate partner and raising descendants till their maturity. Men invest more energy in a first phase, while women invest more in a second one. As parent's resources are limited, it is necessary that they invest wisely into their descendants, because if they don't survive and don't spawn invested resources were from evolution point of view - wasted. This paper will analyze some of these questions by considering parents' investment theory and earlier studies on the theory of evolution.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of Bosnian and Herzegovinian patients involved in psychotherapeutic treatments in order to explore ...the current situation of psychotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Methods: The study included 213 patients (154 women and 47 men) undergoing diverse psychotherapeutic treatments. Data about demographic and clinical characteristics were collected by questionnaire. Following characteristics were documented: age, sex, education, employment status, marital status, specific problem that got the client involved in psychotherapy, type of psychotherapy, and use of psychopharmacology.Results: Majority of the patients undergoing psychotherapy are age up to 40 and female. They are by vast majority holding a university degree and are employed. Nearly equal number of patients is living in partnership or marriage compared to single or never been married. Most frequent reasons for getting involved in the psychotherapy treatment are of the intrapersonal nature (depression, anxiety and panic attacks). Majority of the patients were involved in gestalt and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, and at the same time majority of those were not prescribed medicaments.Conclusions: We point out and overview some of the most prominent socio-demographic traits of patients undergoing psychotherapy, the ones that could be important in the future research with the higher degree of control. In the terms of personal initiative, psychotherapy stops being a taboo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there is still a long path until it reaches integration in daily life of the people.
The aim of this paper was to establish the total and individual contributions of personality traits of the adolescents (Big five personality traits) and family context variables (perception of ...parental behaviour of mothers and fathers, and perception of family adaptability and cohesion) in explaining the variance of satisfaction with life in adolescents. The research sample consisted of 425 participants (200 female and 225 male). The average age of participants was M= 18 (SD=0.72). The data were collected using group work method and the following instruments were applied: Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Big Five Personality Factors Self-Report Scale and Global Satisfaction with Life Scale. The results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate that the described set of predictor variables accounts for 53% of total variance of satisfaction with life in girls and 49% of total variance of satisfaction with life in boys. It was found that variables of family context and adolescents' personality traits contribute significantly in explaining the variance of satisfaction with life for both girls and boys. Analyses conducted separately for the subsample of girls and boys have provided a better insight into results and showed that patterns of these relations are somewhat different for girls and boys, namely, that predictors of satisfaction with life are not the same for these two groups. The results of this study clearly indicate the importance of personality traits of adolescents, as well as perception of positive interactions with parents as important protective factors, which effect the satisfaction with life in adolescents of both genders.
Psychological well-being is an integral part of human ability to lead a fulfilled life, which implies the ability to form and maintain nterpersonal relationships, learning, work, or engaging in ...various activities and hobbies, and the ability to make decisions or make life choices on a daily basis. The World Health Organization recognized the importance of psychological well-being by defining health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just as absence of disease or helplessness. Contrary to well-being, psychological abnormality can occur to everyone and greatly undermine day-to-day functioning. Prevalence of psychological disorders in BiH is similar to worldwide prevalence: mostly anxious and somatic disorders are present, followed by mood disorders, schizophrenia and personality disorders. The development of psychological disorders is caused by the presence of many risk and protective factors. One of the possible ways of looking at the risk and protective factors is through the developmental perspective which is presented in this paper. It is difficult to set the boundary between child / adolescent and adult psychopathology; it would actually be more useful when it would not exist in the conceptual sense. To truly understand the risks of developing psychopathology, it is necessary for theoreticians and researchers to take a look at psychological disorders through a lifelong perspective.
Psychological well-being is an integral part of human ability to lead a fulfilled life, which implies the ability to form and maintain interpersonal relationships, learning, work, or engaging in ...various activities and hobbies, and the ability to make decisions or make life choices on a daily basis. The World Health Organization recognized the importance of psychological well-being by defining health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just as absence of disease or helplessness. Contrary to well-being, psychological abnormality can occur to everyone and greatly undermine day-to-day functioning. Prevalence of psychological disorders in BiH is similar to worldwide prevalence: mostly anxious and somatic disorders are present, followed by mood disorders, schizophrenia and personality disorders. The development of psychological disorders is caused by the presence of many risk and protective factors. One of the possible ways of looking at the risk and protective factors is through the developmental perspective which is presented in this paper. It is difficult to set the boundary between child / adolescent and adult psychopathology; it would actually be more useful when it would not exist in the conceptual sense. To truly understand the risks of developing psychopathology, it is necessary for theoreticians and researchers to take a look at psychological disorders through a lifelong perspective.
The goal of present study was to examine the relationship between mindfulness and Big five personality traits on Bosnian sample. We used the following instruments: Sociodemographic scale, Five Factor ...Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and The Big Five Inventory. According to the results, there is a moderate and inverse correlation between mindfulness and Neuroticism, and small to moderate positive correlations with other Big five personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Extraversion). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that Big five personality traits explain the significant proportion of the variance for the criterion variable mindfulness and that the significant predictors for mindfulness were Neuroticism, Conscientiousness and Openness. More research is needed to explore this multi-faceted nature of both Big five personality traits and mindfulness.
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