This study aimed to investigate and improve collaborative educational leadership to eliminate the barriers created by the lack of inclusive pedagogy and the deficit approaches to instructing students ...with disabilities, which together limit access to the general education curriculum and classroom in school districts in the Northeast. The Cycle 1 research identified that the philosophy of inclusion, high-quality instructional practices, and access to resources impact the efficacy of co-teaching teams’ development of multimodal instruction. The Cycle 1.5 research identified the role of the administrator of special education as vital to the success of implementing co-teaching. However, this role cannot function in isolation. Action steps were then designed, implemented, and evaluated for a second research cycle. During this participatory process, the administrators of special education and principals co-created administrative reflection tools to optimize collaboration with their in-district colleagues while strategizing to support their co-teaching teams, using co-teaching methodology. An evaluation of this action research study included focus groups, document analysis, transcriptions, analytic memos, and semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the data from all three cycles of collection demonstrated the importance of the co-administrators in supporting co-teachers in developing and implementing multimodal instruction to combat barriers against including students with disabilities in the general education classroom. Through examination of the instructional practices and relationships between co-teaching team members, the administrative strategies identified created opportunities to cultivate inclusive educational environments for students with disabilities. This study concluded that (a) school administrators need to develop a unified and unwavering philosophy of inclusion that is at the forefront of all communication and anchors all other actions, (b) educational leadership is vital to the success of co-teaching implementation, (c ) and the strategies implemented must be actioned with fidelity for the sustainability of co-teaching.
Abstract
Multiparous, fall-calving beef cows n = 48; 649 ± 80 (SD) kg BW; 5.3 ± 0.5 BCS were individually-fed tall fescue-based hay (12.2% CP, 61.5% NDF) and supplemented to meet/exceed nutrient ...recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From approximately 90 d pre-calving to 11 d post-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (CON); Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates (ITM) or metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (CTM, MINTREX®, Novus International) supplying 133% NASEM recommendations; or Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates and chelates supplying 100% recommendations (reduce and replace, RR). Treatment, sampling day, their interaction, and breeding group were fixed effects with cow as the experimental unit. Colostrum and milk Cu and Mn and plasma Mn were generally not detectable. Colostrum Zn was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in CTM and ITM than CON and RR. All treatments had greater (P < 0.001) colostrum Zn than d 35 milk, which was greater (P ≤ 0.03) than d 60. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) cow or calf plasma Cu or Zn post-calving. Calf plasma Zn decreased (P ≤ 0.02) from 0 to 35 d of age. Calf plasma Cu increased (P < 0.01) from 0 to 35 d, then decreased (P = 0.01) from 35 to 60 d. Cow plasma Zn and Cu were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at lactation d 35 and 60 than 1 h post-calving. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine relationships among cow and calf mineral status. There were weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.06) between calf plasma and milk Zn at d 35 and 60. Cow and calf plasma Zn immediately post-calving had a weak negative correlation (P = 0.04). These results indicate greater Zn concentration in beef cow colostrum than milk, and suggest calf circulating Zn is partially dependent on milk Zn concentration.
Abstract This commentary is a call for problematizing the concept of “empowerment” as it is often used in global health. The authors urge that scholars and policymakers use the concept as it is ...defined in specific contexts, particularly within communities in low to middle‐income countries. The authors also interrogate universalized assumptions about the use of “empowerment” as a political concept, as well as the use of social categories such as “women”. Finally, the authors challenge and complicate the notion that empowerment is a concept which can be delivered from donors in high‐income countries to so‐called disempowered recipients in low‐income contexts.
本篇评论文呼吁对 “赋权” 这一概念进行问题化，因为此概念经常用于全球卫生领域。作者敦促学者和决策者从头开始提出和使用在特定情境下定义的此概念，特别是在中低收入国家的社区中。作者还质疑了关于将 “赋权” 作为政治概念加以使用的普遍假设，特别因为它与 “妇女” 及其他社会类别交织在一起。最后，作者对一个观念进行质疑和复杂化，即高收入国家的捐助者可能向 “低收入情境中所谓的被剥夺赋权的接受者” 提供赋权。
Este comentario es un llamado a problematizar el concepto de “empoderamiento”, tal como se utiliza a menudo en la salud global. Los autores instan a que los académicos y formuladores de políticas desarrollen y utilicen el concepto tal como se define en contextos específicos, desde cero, particularmente dentro de las comunidades de países de ingresos bajos y medios. Los autores también cuestionan los supuestos universalizados sobre el uso del “empoderamiento” como concepto político, especialmente porque está entrelazado con el de “mujeres” y otras categorías sociales. Finalmente, los autores cuestionan y complican la noción de que el empoderamiento podría ser algo que los donantes en países de altos ingresos puedan brindar a los llamados receptores desempoderados en contextos de bajos ingresos.
Key points Global health is often defined and operated through northern institutions and researchers in HICs and is embedded in systems of power and a history of colonization. Conceptualizations of empowerment in global health are often popularized and depoliticized, and are rife with assumptions regarding the meaning of the term, as well as the aimed recipients. However, empowerment as a concept is often rooted in social movement approaches to dismantling structural forms of power. Decolonizing empowerment and categories can include challenging universalized assumptions regarding social categories, including the category of woman, but also intersectional and complex considerations of the ways in which diverse expressions and experiences of sexuality and gender are often invisibilized in global health interventions, often amplifying health disparities for specific groups.
Multiparous, fall-calving beef cows n = 48; 649 ± 80 (SD) kg BW; 5.3 ± 0.5 BCS were individually-fed tall fescue-based hay (12.2% CP, 61.5% NDF) and supplemented to meet/exceed nutrient ...recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From approximately 90 d precalving to 11 d post-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (CON); Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates (ITM) or metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (CTM, MINTREX®, Novus International) supplying 133% NASEM recommendations; or Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates and chelates supplying 100% recommendations (reduce and replace, RR). Treatment, sampling day, their interaction, and breeding group were fixed effects with cow as the experimental unit. Colostrum and milk Cu and Mn and plasma Mn were generally not detectable. Colostrum Zn was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in CTM and ITM than CON and RR. All treatments had greater (P < 0.001) colostrum Zn than d 35 milk, which was greater (P ≤ 0.03) than d 60. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) cow or calf plasma Cu or Zn post-calving. Calf plasma Zn decreased (P ≤ 0.02) from 0 to 35 d of age. Calf plasma Cu increased (P < 0.01) from 0 to 35 d, then decreased (P = 0.01) from 35 to 60 d. Cow plasma Zn and Cu were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at lactation d 35 and 60 than 1 h post-calving. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine relationships among cow and calf mineral status. There were weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.06) between calf plasma and milk Zn at d 35 and 60. Cow and calf plasma Zn immediately post-calving had a weak negative correlation (P = 0.04). These results indicate greater Zn concentration in beef cow colostrum than milk, and suggest calf circulating Zn is partially dependent on milk Zn concentration.
Abstract
Multiparous, fall-calving, Sim-Angus cows (n = 48) were individually-fed tall fescue-based hay and supplemented to meet/exceed nutrient recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From 91.2 ± 6.2 ...d pre-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (CON); Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates supplying 133% NASEM recommendations (ITM); Cu, Zn, and Mn metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (MMHAC, MINTREX®, Novus International) supplying 133% recommendations (CTM); or Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates and MMHAC supplying 100% recommendations (reduce and replace, RR). Calf whole blood was collected at 48 h of age for ex vivo stimulation with toll-like receptor agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN) at low (-L) and high (-H) concentrations for 4 h at 37°C. Expression of inflammation-related mRNA was determined using RT-PCR (reference gene: S9). Data were analyzed with treatment and breeding group as fixed effects. When treatment P < 0.15, LS means were separated. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 were greater (P ≤ 0.10) in calves born to RR cows than all other treatments when exposed to PGN-L. Expression of IL-1β was greater (P ≤ 0.09) in CTM and CON than ITM when exposed to LPS-L and in RR than ITM when exposed to LTA-L. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in CTM calves was greater (P ≤ 0.09) than ITM and CON when exposed to LTA-L and PGN-H and than all other treatments when exposed to LPS-L. When exposed to PGN-L, iNOS was greater (P ≤ 0.06) in CTM and RR calves than CON. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.22) IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α expression. Data demonstrate that late gestational chelated trace mineral supplementation may alter neonatal calf pro-inflammatory pathways. These changes may increase innate immune response to bacterial pathogens during the challenging neonatal period, potentially increasing survival.
Multiparous, fall-calving, Sim-Angus cows (n = 48) were individually-fed tall fescue-based hay and supplemented to meet/exceed nutrient recommendations except Cu, Zn, and Mn. From 91.2 ± 6.2 d ...pre-calving, cows received: no additional Cu, Zn, or Mn (CON); Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates supplying 133% NASEM recommendations (ITM); Cu, Zn, and Mn metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelates (MMHAC, MINTREX®, Novus International) supplying 133% recommendations (CTM); or Cu, Zn, and Mn sulfates and MMHAC supplying 100% recommendations (reduce and replace, RR). Calf whole blood was collected at 48 h of age for ex vivo stimulation with toll-like receptor agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN) at low (-L) and high (-H) concentrations for 4 h at 37°C. Expression of inflammation-related mRNA was determined using RT-PCR (reference gene: S9). Data were analyzed with treatment and breeding group as fixed effects. When treatment P < 0.15, LS means were separated. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 were greater (P ≤ 0.10) in calves born to RR cows than all other treatments when exposed to PGN-L. Expression of IL-1β was greater (P ≤ 0.09) in CTM and CON than ITM when exposed to LPS-L and in RR than ITM when exposed to LTA-L. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in CTM calves was greater (P ≤ 0.09) than ITM and CON when exposed to LTA-L and PGN-H and than all other treatments when exposed to LPS-L. When exposed to PGN-L, iNOS was greater (P ≤ 0.06) in CTM and RR calves than CON. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.22) IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α expression. Data demonstrate that late gestational chelated trace mineral supplementation may alter neonatal calf pro-inflammatory pathways. These changes may increase innate immune response to bacterial pathogens during the challenging neonatal period, potentially increasing survival.
Background There is limited data surrounding acute pain management in elderly ED patients. Ketorolac is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with dose/duration-dependent side ...effects. There is evidence that an analgesic ceiling effect exists for parenteral ketorolac doses greater than 10 milligrams (mg); however, this has not been studied in patients 65 years and older. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of ED patients 65 years and older who received at least one dose of parenteral ketorolac. Patients were separated into two cohorts based on the ketorolac dose received: 15 mg IV or 30 mg intramuscular (IM) and 30 mg IV or 60 mg IM. The primary objective was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of parenteral ketorolac doses measured as needing rescue analgesia from 30 minutes to 2 hours after ketorolac administration. Secondary objectives included changes in pain scores and the occurrence of adverse drug events commonly associated with ketorolac. Results Two-hundred and sixty patients received ketorolac doses of 15 mg IV or 30 mg IM, and 52 received 30 mg IV or 60 mg IM. The primary outcome occurred in seven of 52 patients who received ketorolac 30 mg IV or 60 mg IM and 17 of 260 patients who received ketorolac 15 mg IV or 30 mg IM (13.5% vs. 6.5%, p=0094; OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 0.87-5.67). The average change in pain scores were 2.9 (±3.1) and 2.8 (±2.9) for patients who received doses 30 mg IV or 60 mg IM compared to doses 15 mg IV or 30 mg IM, respectively (p=0.154). The occurrence of adverse events was low in both groups. Conclusion Parenteral ketorolac doses of 15 mg IV or 30 mg IM did not demonstrate a greater need for rescue analgesia compared to doses of 30 mg IV or 60 mg IM.
Chlorambucil-induced apoptosis was assessed by three different flow cytometric methods in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells cultured in vitro and the results were compared with those ...derived from the morphological assessment of the same samples. Spontaneous apoptosis was consistently observed in the control cultures in the absence of drug but this accounted for less than 12% of all cells in every case. The methods under investigation were the Annexin V labelling assay, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) end-labelling assay and the labelling of a 38 kDa mitochondrial membrane protein (7A6 antigen) which is exposed on cells undergoing apoptotic cell death (Apo2.7 assay). The Annexin V assay consistently stained a higher percentage of cells and with a greater separation between the positive and negative cell populations. We conclude that the phosphatidyl serine translocation to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane following an apoptotic signal, as labelled by Annexin V, probably occurs before the development of the DNA strand breaks or the exposure of 7A6 antigen in those cells triggered to die by apoptosis.
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