Abstract
Background
The association between asbestos exposure and ovarian cancer has been questioned given the possible misdiagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma as ovarian cancer.
Aims
To update a ...systematic review on ovarian cancer risk in women occupationally exposed to asbestos, exploring the association with the time since first exposure and the duration of exposure.
Methods
We searched PubMed from 2008 onwards, screened previous systematic reviews, combined standardized mortality ratios (SMR) using random effect models and quantified heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. To assess tumour misclassification, we compared the distribution of observed excess ovarian cancers (OEOC) to that expected (EEOC) from the distribution of peritoneal cancers in strata of latency and exposure duration.
Results
Eighteen publications (20 populations), including a pooled analysis of 21 cohorts, were included. The pooled SMR was 1.79 (95% confidence interval 1.38–2.31), with moderate heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 42%), based on 144 ovarian cancer deaths/cases. The risk was increased for women with indirect indicators of higher exposure, longer duration and latency, and lower for chrysotile than for crocidolite exposure. The effect of duration and latency could not be completely disentangled, since no multivariate analysis was available for time-related variables. The dissimilarity index between OEOC and EEOC for the time since first exposure was small suggesting a similar pattern of risk.
Conclusions
While some misclassification between ovarian and peritoneal cancers cannot be excluded, the observed excess risk of ovarian cancer should be added to the overall disease burden of asbestos.
Quantification of the association between asbestos and ovarian cancer has been questioned, in particular for a possible misdiagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma as ovarian cancer. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, which focused on time-related aspects and explored the differences in results across studies. While some misclassification between ovarian and peritoneal cancers cannot be excluded, an excess risk of ovarian cancer of about 80% should be added to the overall disease burden of asbestos.
The Mediterranean diet has been shown to have a beneficial role on various neoplasms, but data are scanty on pancreatic cancer.
We analysed data from two case-control studies conducted in Italy ...between 1983 and 2008, including 362 and 326 pancreatic cancer cases and 1552 and 652 hospital-controls, respectively. A Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) summarising major characteristics of the Mediterranean diet was used in the two studies separately and overall. Two further scores of adherence to the Mediterranean diet were applied in the second study only, the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Adherence Index (MDP) and the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI).
Odds ratios (ORs) for increasing levels of the scores (i.e., increasing adherence) were estimated using multiple logistic regression models. Odds ratio for a MDS score ≥6 compared with <3 was 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.95) in the first study, 0.51 (95% CI 0.29-0.92) in the second study, and 0.48 (95% CI 0.35-0.67) overall. A trend of decreasing risk was observed also for the MDP and MAI the ORs for the highest vs the lowest quintile being 0.44 (95% CI 0.27-0.73) for MDP and 0.68 (95% CI 0.42-1.11) for the MAI. The results were consistent across strata of age, sex, education, body mass index, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and diabetes.
Our study provides evidence that a priori-defined scores measuring adherence to the Mediterranean diet are favourably associated with pancreatic cancer risk.
Evidence for the possible effect of vitamin E on head and neck cancers (HNCs) is limited.
We used individual-level pooled data from 10 case-control studies (5959 cases and 12 248 controls) ...participating in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium to assess the association between vitamin E intake from natural sources and cancer of the oral cavity/pharynx and larynx. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models applied to quintile categories of non-alcohol energy-adjusted vitamin E intake.
Intake of vitamin E was inversely related to oral/pharyngeal cancer (OR for the fifth vs the first quintile category=0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.71; P for trend <0.001) and to laryngeal cancer (OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.54-0.83, P for trend <0.001). There was, however, appreciable heterogeneity of the estimated effect across studies for oral/pharyngeal cancer. Inverse associations were generally observed for the anatomical subsites of oral and pharyngeal cancer and within covariate strata for both sites.
Our findings suggest that greater vitamin E intake from foods may lower HNC risk, although we were not able to explain the heterogeneity observed across studies or rule out certain sources of bias.
Data of epidemiological studies on the relation between coffee drinking and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk are scattered and inconclusive. We therefore conducted systematic meta-analyses of ...observational studies published before October 2009.
We combined relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx (OP) and larynx, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), comparing the highest versus the lowest categories of coffee consumption, using random-effects models.
For OP cancer, the pooled RR was 0.64 (95% CI 0.51–0.80) for highest versus lowest coffee drinking, based on a total of 2633 cases from one cohort and eight case–control studies, with no significant heterogeneity across studies. The RRs were 0.61 (95% CI 0.41–0.89) for European, 0.58 (95% CI 0.36–0.94) for American and 0.74 (95% CI 0.48–1.15) for Asian studies, where coffee consumption is lower. The corresponding RRs were 1.56 (95% CI 0.60–4.02) for laryngeal cancer (732 cases from three case–control studies), 0.87 (95% CI 0.65–1.17) for ESCC (2115 cases from one cohort and six case–control studies) and 1.18 (95% CI 0.81–1.71) for EAC (415 cases from three case–control studies).
Coffee drinking is inversely related to OP cancer risk, while there is no relation with laryngeal cancer, ESCC and EAC.
Since when in 1981 a case–control study showed a positive association between coffee and pancreatic cancer, several studies reported inconsistent results on this issue.
We conducted a systematic ...bibliography search updated March 2011 to identify observational studies providing quantitative estimates for pancreatic cancer risk in relation to coffee consumption. We used a meta-analytic approach to estimate overall relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest versus the lowest coffee consumption categories, using random-effects models.
Based on 37 case–control and 17 cohort studies (10 594 cases), the pooled RR for the highest versus lowest intake was 1.13 (95% CI 0.99–1.29). Considering only the smoking-adjusting studies, the pooled RRs were 1.10 (95% CI 0.92–1.31) for the 22 case–control, 1.04 (95% CI 0.80–1.36) for the 15 cohort, and 1.08 (95% CI 0.94–1.25) for all studies. The pooled RR for the increment of one cup of coffee per day was 1.03 (95% CI 0.99–1.06) for the 28 smoking-adjusting studies reporting three or more coffee consumption categories. No significant heterogeneity was observed across strata of study design, sex, geographic region, and other selected characteristics.
This meta-analysis provides quantitative evidence that coffee consumption is not appreciably related to pancreatic cancer risk, even at high intakes.
To quantify the magnitude of the association between alcohol and oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC) by sex, smoking habits, type of alcoholic beverage and other factors.
We combined findings from all ...case-control and cohort studies published until September 2010 and present in this article the results classified by these factors, using a meta-analytic approach. Summary relative risks (RRs) were obtained using random-effects models; heterogeneity was assessed using the χ(2) test.
The association between alcohol and OPC risk was similar in men and women, with similar dose-response relationships. No notable differences were found with respect to geographic area and other factors, both for drinking overall and heavy (≥4 drinks/day) drinking. Among never/non-current smokers, the pooled RRs were 1.32 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.05-1.67) for drinking, and 2.54 (95% CI, 1.80-3.58) for heavy drinking. The corresponding RRs in smokers were 2.92 (95% CI, 2.31-3.70) and 6.32 (95% CI, 5.05-7.90). The pooled RRs for any drinking irrespective of smoking were 2.12 (95% CI, 1.37-3.29) for wine-, 2.43 (95% CI, 1.92-3.07) for beer- and 2.30 (95% CI, 1.78-2.98) for spirits-only drinking. The corresponding RRs for heavy drinking were 4.92 (95% CI, 2.80-8.65), 4.20 (95% CI, 1.43-12.38) and 5.20 (95% CI, 2.77-9.78).
The alcohol-related RRs are similar with respect to sex, geographic area and type of alcoholic beverage. The association between alcohol and OPC is stronger in smokers than in non-smokers.
Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk Rota, Matteo; Scotti, Lorenza; Turati, Federica ...
European journal of cancer prevention,
07/2012, Letnik:
21, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Inconsistent results on the relationship between alcohol drinking and prostate cancer have been found. In order to provide a definite quantification of the dose–risk relation, we investigated the ...risk of prostate cancer at different levels of alcohol consumption, by conducting a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. We performed a literature search using PubMed of all case–control and cohort studies published as original articles in English up to December 2010. We identified 50 case–control and 22 cohort studies, including a total of 52 899 prostate cancer cases. We derived pooled meta-analytic estimates using random-effects models, taking into account the correlation between estimates. We performed a dose–risk analysis using nonlinear random-effects meta-regression models. The overall relative risk for any alcohol drinking compared with non/occasional drinking was 1.06 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.10. The relative risks were 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02–1.08), 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01–1.11), and 1.08 (95% CI, 0.97–1.20) for light (≤ 1 drink/day), moderate (>1 to <4 drinks/day), and heavy alcohol drinking (≥ 4 drinks/day), respectively. This comprehensive meta-analysis provided no evidence of a material association between alcohol drinking and prostate cancer, even at high doses.
Diabetes mellitus has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, although the evidence is still open to discussion.
We examined this association using data from a multicentre Italian ...case–control study, conducted between 2003 and 2014 on 690 bladder cancer cases and 665 frequency-matched hospital controls. Odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes were estimated by unconditional multiple logistic regression models, after allowance for major known risk factors for bladder cancer.
One hundred and twelve (16.2%) cases and 57 (8.6%) controls reported a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, corresponding to a multivariate OR of 2.09 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46–3.01). Bladder cancer risk increased with duration of diabetes (OR 1.92 for 1– <5 years, 1.63 for 5– <10 years, 2.39 for 10– <15 years, and 2.58 for ≥15 years). The increased risk of bladder cancer was consistent in strata of age and education, whereas it was somewhat lower (although not significantly) in women (OR 1.18), in never (OR 1.31) and current (OR 1.42) smokers, and in subjects with a body mass index <25 kg m(-2) (OR 1.48).
The present study provides further support of a role of diabetes in bladder cancer aetiology, although some residual confounding by tobacco, body mass index, or other unmeasured covariates may partly explain the association observed.
Background
The number of original articles investigating the efficacy of cosmetic products in cellulite reduction increased rapidly in the last decade; however, to our knowledge, no systematic review ...and meta‐analysis has been performed so far.
Objective
We conducted a systematic review of in vivo studies on humans adopting the PRISMA guidelines. Moreover, we used a meta‐analytic approach to estimate the overall effect of cosmetic creams in cellulite treatment from controlled trials with more than 10 patients per arm, using thigh circumference reduction as the outcome measure.
Methods
Medline and Embase were searched up to August 2012 to identify eligible studies.
Results
Twenty‐one original studies were included in the present systematic review. All studies were clinical trials, most of them recruited women only and 67% had an intra‐patient study design. About half of the active cosmetic creams tested only contained one active ingredient among xanthenes, herbals or retinoids. The other studies tested cosmetic creams with more complex formulations and most of them included xanthenes. A total of seven controlled trials satisfied the inclusion criteria for the meta‐analysis. The pooled mean difference of thigh circumference reduction between the treated and the controlled group was −0.46 cm (95% confidence intervals, CI: −0.85, −0.08), with significant heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
This article provides a systematic evaluation of the scientific evidence of the efficacy of cosmetic products in cellulite reduction and supports a moderate efficacy in thigh circumference reduction.
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