In this study, research has been made on the impact of applications of biochar (BC) in different doses on the efficiency yield and nutrient uptake of sugar beet plant grown under drought stress. In ...the research four different doses of biochar being obtained from rosehip seeds as 0% (control), 0.5% (50 g pot
−1
), 1.0% (100 g pot
−1
) 2.0% (200 g pot
−1
) have been applied to pots and three different drought stresses (100%, 75%, 50% of the field capacity (FC)) have been applied. In the study, the yield of sugar beet plant and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) concentrations have been determined. As per the outcomes being obtained, it was determined that the highest shoot dry matter of sugar beet plant was obtained as 29.82 g pot
−1
with the application of 100% FC and 2% BC. In the study, the highest N concentration of sugar beet plant was obtained in 75% FC and 2% BC application with 1.72% N, the highest P concentration was obtained in 100% FC and 0.5% BC application with 1.01% P, the highest K concentration was obtained in 50% FC and 2% BC application with 5.33% K. Research results has shown that with the increasing biochar doses, especially in drought stress applications, efficiency was significantly improved with respect to controlling and that K, Mg, and Mn concentrations have also increased.
The methanolic extracts of dried
Agaricus bisporus,
Polyporus squamosus,
Pleurotus ostreatus,
Lepista nuda,
Russula delica,
Boletus badius, and
Verpa conica were analyzed for antioxidant activity in ...different systems including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity, and metal chelating activities. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and
α-tocopherol. The percentage inhibition methanolic extracts of dried
Russula delica,
Boletus badius,
Agaricus bisporus,
Polyporus squamosus,
Pleurotus ostreatus,
Lepista nuda and
Verpa conica at 100
μg/mL concentrations on peroxidation in linoleic acid system were 99.7%, 99.2%, 98.8%, 98.4%, 98.3%, 97.9% and 97.7%, respectively, and greater than those 400
μg/mL of
α-tocopherol, BHA and BHT (77%, 85%, and 97%). Among methanolic extracts from seven wild edible mushrooms, the reducing power of
Russula delica and
Verpa conica were excellent, and were 1.32 and 1.22 at 200
μg/mL, respectively. Methanolic extract from
Verpa conica,
Boletus badius and
Russula delica proved to be better at scavenging O
2
−
than other mushroom species. The scavenging effects of methanolic extracts from mushroom species and standards on the DPPH
radical decreased in the order of BHA>
α-tocopherol>
Lepista nuda>
Russula delica>
Polyporus squamosus>
Pleurotus ostreatus>
Agaricus bisporus>
Verpa conica>
Boletus badius and were, at the concentration of 180
μg/mL, 97.4, 95.4, 91.3, 86.1, 82.8, 81.3, 77.5, 75.7 and 68.7, respectively. The metal scavenging effect of extract of the mushroom species and standards decreased in the order of
Verpa conica>
Lepista nuda>
Russula delica>
Boletus badius>
Polyporus squamosus>BHT>
Pleurotus ostreatus>
Agaricus bisporus>BHA>
α-tocopherol. On the other hand, total phenolic compounds,
α-tocopherol, and
β-carotene were determined in the methanolic extracts of dried
Agaricus bisporus,
Polyporus squamosus,
Pleurotus ostreatus,
Lepista nuda,
Russula delica,
Boletus badius, and
Verpa conica.
Conocybe romagnesii and Gerronema subclavatum are identified for the first time from Turkey. The basidiomata samples of these mushrooms were collected from Tokat city province during late spring ...season. Detailed morphological descriptions and macro‐microscopic illustrations of the two rare species are provided and their habitat preferences and geographic distributions are discussed. Phylogenetic inferences based on DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacer (ITS) region are provided for both species. Morphological features and molecular phylogenetic analyses support that C. romagnesii and G. subclavatum differs from their closely related Bolbitius and Omphalina species, respectively.
The antioxidative activity of the methanol extracts obtained from twelve commonly consumed wild edible mushrooms was investigated according to the phosphomolybdenum method, inhibition of linoleic ...acid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelating, O(2)(˙-), DPPH(˙), peroxide and H(2)O(2) scavenging activity in the Black Sea Region of Turky, and compared to standard antioxidant compounds such as a-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and trolox. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene in the extracts were measured. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were also evalated against gram (-) and (+) bacteria and yeast with disc diffusion method. Hydnum repandum, Lactarius delicious, Lactarius camphoratus, Lactarius piperatus, Ramaria flava, and Agaricus bisporus were greater than α-tocopherol and BHT on antioxidant activity. The lipid peroxidation of L. camphoratus and Lactarius volemus was excellent, and was 58.05% and 61.44% respectively. The DPPH(˙) scavenging effects decreased in the order of R. flava>BHT> Macrolepiota procera>L. camphoratus>L. piperatus>Lactarius volemus>a-tocopherol and were, at 500 µg/ml and were 80.38, 76.61, 69.74, 61.55, 61.47, 61.09, 60.65%, respectively. All the extracts of mushroom also had the stronger chelating effect according to standards. The O(2)(˙-) scavenging effect of extracts of the mushroom species was in order of R. flava>Boletus edulis>Leatiporus sulphureus>M. procera>standards. L. piperatus, L. camphorates, L. volemus, A. bisporus, Chanterellus cibarius, L. sulphureus, H. repandum showed strong antimicrobial activity, especially on E. coli. H. repandum exhibited to be more effective on P. aeruginosa than other bacterial strains.
Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr and Ni) were determined in wild-grown edible mushrooms. The mushroom samples were collected from Tokat in the Middle Black Sea region of ...Turkey. The analyses were performed using a Perkin–Elmer Analyst 700 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The results indicated that the levels of heavy metals in mushrooms were high in some species. The level of Cu was the highest in
Agaricus bisporus as 107
±
8.5 μg/g. The levels of Cd, Pb, Zn and Mn conformed to the FAO/WHO (1976) standards. Fe content was higher than other metals in all mushroom species. The concentrations of Cr were highest in
Marasmius oreades,
Armillaria mellea and
Morchella elata in this study. The highest Ni contents were observed in
Armillaria mellea,
Marasmius oreades,
Morchella vulgaris and
Agaricus bisporus.
Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray samples were collected in the oak forests from Tokat province. Macro and micromorphological features as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses according to the DNA sequences ...corresponding to internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene regions indicated that the studied specimen is a Cortinarius rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr. This study determined the first microscopic and macroscopic morphological description and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Cortinarius rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr. in Turkey.
Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray örnekleri Tokat ilinden meşe ormanlarında toplanmıştır. Makro ve mikromorfolojik özellikler ile nükleer ribozomal iç aralayıcı bölge (ITS) ve ribozomal en büyük alt birim (LSU) gen bölgelerine karşılık gelen DNA dizileri ile moleküler filogenetik analizler, çalışılan numunenin Cortinarius rufo-olivaceus (Pers.) Fr. türü olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de C. rufo-olivaceus’un mikroskobik ve makroskobik morfolojik tanımı ve moleküler filogenetik analizini belirleyen ilk çalışmadır.
Turkey has a very rich fungal flora due to its phytogeographical position. The screening of chemical content and active substances of mushrooms becomes an important subject not only for Turkey but ...also for all over the world. In the last decade, Analyses on phytochemical and biological activity of fungi have gradually increased as a result of improvement in the number and quality of facilities. In the scope of the present research, four medicinal mushrooms; Morchella elata, Lactarius volemus, Cantharellus cibarius and Tricholoma terreum were analyzed for their fatty acid compositions and antioxidant capacities. The fungal species have been found with unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of 6.73 for Morchella elata, 4.12 for Lactarius volemus, 5.21 for Cantharellus cibarius, 3.73 for Tricholama terrum. In addition, the concentration of malondialdehyde which was an indicator of lipid peroxidation was also determined in these species. According to the results, free radical scavenging activity of Morchella elata and Lactarius volemus were found higher than the other species. Any of the mushroom species investigated were found having very high metal chelating activity. The results showed that the extract of Morchella elata and Lactarius volemus exhibited significant antioxidant activities. Hence, the mushrooms have a potential to be a natural antioxidant in food industries as antioxidant agent.
Lactarius acerrimus macrofungus was evaluated as low-cost and influential biosorbent for bio-removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solution. The chemical structure and surface morphology of the macrofungus ...was characterized by using FT-IR and SEM/EDS techniques. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were modeled to study the sorption behavior regarded with for bio-removal of mercury using the batch method. The Langmuir model was found to be the best fitted model. The maximum bio-removal capacity of the macrofungus was found to be 134.9 mg/g at pH 5. The batch experiments were also to investigate to point out different parameters having a vital the bio-removal of mercury. The kinetic studies indicated thatthe pseudo second order (PSO) model was best fitted to the experimental values. The thermodynamic parameters proved the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the bio-removal process. Furthermore, the cycling examinations demonstrated that the L. acerrimus macrofungus had reasonable reuse performance.
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•L. acerrimus macrofungus as low-cost and novel sorbent was used effectively for bioremoval of Hg(II) from aqueous solution<.•The maximum bioremoval capacity of the macrofungus was found 134.9 mg g−1<.•The macrofungus had sufficiently high reusability performance <.•The bioremoval of Hg(II) using macrofungus was well fitted to the pseudo second order kinetic model<.•Thermodynamic calculations proved the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the bioremoval process<.
The ethanol extracts of Morchella vulgaris (EEMV) and Morchella esculanta (EEME) were analysed for their antioxidant activities in different systems including reducing power, free radical scavenging, ...superoxide anion radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity, and metal chelating activity. EEMV and EEME had similar reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activity at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 microg/mL. These various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and alpha-tocopherol. The percent inhibition of different concentrations of EEMV on peroxidation in the linoleic acid system was 85 and 87 % respectively, which was greater than that of 100 and 250 microg/mL of alpha-tocopherol (50 and 77%, respectively) and similar to 250 microg/mL of BHA (85, 87%, respectively). The percent inhibition of different concentrations of EEME on peroxidation in the linoleic acid system was 80 and 87 % respectively, which was greater than that of 100 and 250 microg/mL of alpha-tocopherol (50, 77%) and similar to 250 microg/mL BHA (87%). On the other hand, the percent inhibition of 100 and 250 microg/mL of BHT was 97 and 99%, respectively. In addition, the total phenolic compounds in EEMV and EEME were determined as gallic acid equivalents.
The antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Sarcodon imbricatum wildly grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated in this study. Antioxidant activities were evaluated in ...terms of total antioxidant activity, reducing power, metal chelating ability, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, superoxide, peroxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects. Various antioxidant activities were compared to references antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and trolox. In total antioxidant (12674.45 mumol alpha-tocopherol/g of extract), superoxide scavenging (53.74%) and peroxide scavenging activity (45.73%), the methanol extract of Sarcodon imbricatum showed stronger activity patterns than that of references antioxidants. Reducing power, metal chelating activity and free radical (DPPH(*)) scavenging activity was increased with the increasing concentration. The contents of total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and lycopene of Sarcodon imbricatum were determined and found to be noteworthy.
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