Abstract
Various lines of evidence indicate that an important part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is the modification of the plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). A large number of ...pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic properties have been ascribed to the oxidatively modified LDLs and their components. There is considerable evidence to support the role of lipid peroxidation products, reactive aldehydes in particular, originating from the oxidized LDL as important signaling molecules in the context of the atherosclerotic lesion. These aldehydes generated during the peroxidation of LDL exhibit a facile reactivity with proteins, generating a variety of intra- and intermolecular covalent adducts on the apolipoprotein B-100 particle in LDL. Characterization of the aldehyde adducts generated in the protein is therefore critical in understanding the nature of the oxidized LDL. However, the majority of adducts generated during the oxidative modification of LDL have not yet been chemically characterized. In this review, the current status of aldehyde adducts quantitatively analyzed in the Cu2+-oxidized LDL is reviewed.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The spin Seebeck effect refers to the generation of spin voltage as a result of a temperature gradient in ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials. When a conductor is attached to a magnet under a ...temperature gradient, the thermally generated spin voltage in the magnet injects a spin current into the conductor, which in turn produces electric voltage owing to the spin-orbit interaction. The spin Seebeck effect is of increasing importance in spintronics, since it enables direct generation of a spin current from heat and appears in a variety of magnets ranging from metals and semiconductors to insulators. Recent studies on the spin Seebeck effect have been conducted mainly in paramagnetic metal/ferrimagnetic insulator junction systems in the longitudinal configuration in which a spin current flowing parallel to the temperature gradient is measured. This 'longitudinal spin Seebeck effect' (LSSE) has been observed in various sample systems and exclusively established by separating the spin-current contribution from extrinsic artefacts, such as conventional thermoelectric and magnetic proximity effects. The LSSE in insulators also provides a novel and versatile pathway to thermoelectric generation in combination of the inverse spin-Hall effects. In this paper, we review basic experiments on the LSSE and discuss its potential thermoelectric applications with several demonstrations.
Movement is fundamental to human and animal life, emerging through interaction of complex neural, muscular, and skeletal systems. Study of movement draws from and contributes to diverse fields, ...including biology, neuroscience, mechanics, and robotics. OpenSim unites methods from these fields to create fast and accurate simulations of movement, enabling two fundamental tasks. First, the software can calculate variables that are difficult to measure experimentally, such as the forces generated by muscles and the stretch and recoil of tendons during movement. Second, OpenSim can predict novel movements from models of motor control, such as kinematic adaptations of human gait during loaded or inclined walking. Changes in musculoskeletal dynamics following surgery or due to human-device interaction can also be simulated; these simulations have played a vital role in several applications, including the design of implantable mechanical devices to improve human grasping in individuals with paralysis. OpenSim is an extensible and user-friendly software package built on decades of knowledge about computational modeling and simulation of biomechanical systems. OpenSim's design enables computational scientists to create new state-of-the-art software tools and empowers others to use these tools in research and clinical applications. OpenSim supports a large and growing community of biomechanics and rehabilitation researchers, facilitating exchange of models and simulations for reproducing and extending discoveries. Examples, tutorials, documentation, and an active user forum support this community. The OpenSim software is covered by the Apache License 2.0, which permits its use for any purpose including both nonprofit and commercial applications. The source code is freely and anonymously accessible on GitHub, where the community is welcomed to make contributions. Platform-specific installers of OpenSim include a GUI and are available on simtk.org.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The energy bandgap of an insulator is large enough to prevent electron excitation and electrical conduction. But in addition to charge, an electron also has spin, and the collective motion of spin ...can propagate-and so transfer a signal-in some insulators. This motion is called a spin wave and is usually excited using magnetic fields. Here we show that a spin wave in an insulator can be generated and detected using spin-Hall effects, which enable the direct conversion of an electric signal into a spin wave, and its subsequent transmission through (and recovery from) an insulator over macroscopic distances. First, we show evidence for the transfer of spin angular momentum between an insulator magnet Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) and a platinum film. This transfer allows direct conversion of an electric current in the platinum film to a spin wave in the Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) via spin-Hall effects. Second, making use of the transfer in a Pt/Y(3)Fe(5)O(12)/Pt system, we demonstrate that an electric current in one metal film induces voltage in the other, far distant, metal film. Specifically, the applied electric current is converted into spin angular momentum owing to the spin-Hall effect in the first platinum film; the angular momentum is then carried by a spin wave in the insulating Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) layer; at the distant platinum film, the spin angular momentum of the spin wave is converted back to an electric voltage. This effect can be switched on and off using a magnetic field. Weak spin damping in Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) is responsible for its transparency for the transmission of spin angular momentum. This hybrid electrical transmission method potentially offers a means of innovative signal delivery in electrical circuits and devices.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Introduction
Uchida & Yamasaki (2012, 2022) have developed a universal prevention program to enhance understanding and regulating others’ emotions for elementary and junior high school students. In ...recent years, affect and emotions are popular research topics in the domains of psychology and brain science. Most research has thus far focused on the effects of explicit affect on health and adjustment. However, an increasing number of studies have started to examine the effects of implicit affect on psychological outcomes. Although the program was developed for enhancing coping of explicit emotions for health and adjustment, the effectiveness needs to be examined also in terms of implicit affect.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of this program in terms of implicit and explicit affect.
Methods
Participants were 6th-grade children in a public elementary school in Japan. The final sample was 61 children (32 boys and 29 girls). Participants completed a battery of two questionnaires just before (Time 1) and just after (Time 2) the intervention program. The questionnaires were the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test for Children (IPANAT-C) for assessing implicit positive and negative affect (IPA and INA) and the Japanese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C) for measuring explicit positive and negative affect (EPA and ENA). The universal intervention program that was one of the programs we developed for children’s health and adjustment was implemented over four regular classes targeting all children in their homeroom classes.
Results
Data were analyzed by 2 (pre-intervention and post-intervention periods) x 2 (boys and girls) analyses of variance (ANOVA) with the hoc tests using Holm corrections. First, regarding the EPA and IPA, there was a significant main effect of periods (
F
s (1, 59) = 6.82 and 4.54,
p
< .05, respectively), revealing in the post hoc tests that they significantly increased at the post-intervention period. In contrast, regarding ENA and INA, there was no significant main effect of periods. Moreover, regarding EPA, there was a significant main effect of sex. No significant period x sex interactions were found in any affect.
Conclusions
These results revealed that the current program was effective in enhancing explicit and implicit positive affect. On the other hand, no significant effects were found in enhancing explicit and implicit negative affect. The necessity of future research that will examine the sustainability of the effectiveness of the program is discussed, along with several limitations.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
Wildlife living around urbanized areas is often a cause of crucial issues such as zoonosis and wildlife-vehicle collisions. Despite this, residents hold positive views on the presence of urban ...wildlife primarily due to aesthetic reasons. This accepting attitude towards our coexistence with urban wildlife has made it difficult for wildlife managers to come to a consensus concerning the importance of human-urban wildlife conflicts. Although countermeasures such as lethal force and/or fencing are commonly used to control human-wildlife conflicts, these approaches are rarely applied in the case of urban wildlife. It is essential to recognize the gap between the current state of urban wildlife management and advanced scientific knowledge of urban wildlife behavior in order to mitigate urban deer conflicts. Fortunately, behavioral ecologists have been attempting to apply the perspective of individual differences, such as animal personality, to wildlife management. Studies have shown how the personalities of wildlife contribute to their adaptation to urban habitats. In order to prevent human-urban wildlife conflicts, recognizing the personalities of wildlife and selective culling of bold individuals should be conducted for deliberate selection for shyness when developing wildlife management plans. Making wildlife shy away from humans is essential to urban wildlife management. The aim of this study is to review observed measures against human-urban wildlife conflicts in Japan and to propose a new direction for innovative and effective approaches that takes animals personality into account to mitigate urban-wildlife conflicts. For this review we will target deer as a model species because deer are among the most serious of problem-causing urban wildlife.
Display omitted
•Urban deer increase the risk of zoonosis and wildlife–vehicle collisions.•No effective measures against the urban deer problem have been implemented to date.•Bolder deer prefer forest edge and tend to be urban deer.•Culling in forest edge area reduces boldness of the population.•Managing the boldness of deer populations could effectively resolve the problem.
We investigated anomalous Ettingshausen effect (AEE) and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) for the same device consisting of an FePt thin film. The temperature modulation due to the AEE was visualized ...using the active infrared emission microscopy, called lock-in thermography. On the other hand, the ANE voltage was detected under the temperature gradient induced by the heater built into the device. We experimentally evaluated the magnitudes of AEE and ANE, taking into account the heat loss to the substrate, and discussed the relationship between AEE and ANE.
This Letter provides evidence for intrinsic longitudinal spin Seebeck effects (LSSEs) that are free from the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) caused by an extrinsic proximity effect. We report the ...observation of LSSEs in Au/Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) (YIG) and Pt/Cu/YIG systems, showing that the LSSE appears even when the mechanism of the proximity ANE is clearly removed. In the conventional Pt/YIG structure, furthermore, we separate the LSSE from the ANE by comparing the voltages in different magnetization and temperature-gradient configurations; the ANE contamination was found to be negligibly small even in the Pt/YIG structure.
Wearable robotic devices can restore and enhance mobility. There is growing interest in designing devices that reduce the metabolic cost of walking; however, designers lack guidelines for which ...joints to assist and when to provide the assistance. To help address this problem, we used musculoskeletal simulation to predict how hypothetical devices affect muscle activity and metabolic cost when walking with heavy loads. We explored 7 massless devices, each providing unrestricted torque at one degree of freedom in one direction (hip abduction, hip flexion, hip extension, knee flexion, knee extension, ankle plantarflexion, or ankle dorsiflexion). We used the Computed Muscle Control algorithm in OpenSim to find device torque profiles that minimized the sum of squared muscle activations while tracking measured kinematics of loaded walking without assistance. We then examined the metabolic savings provided by each device, the corresponding device torque profiles, and the resulting changes in muscle activity. We found that the hip flexion, knee flexion, and hip abduction devices provided greater metabolic savings than the ankle plantarflexion device. The hip abduction device had the greatest ratio of metabolic savings to peak instantaneous positive device power, suggesting that frontal-plane hip assistance may be an efficient way to reduce metabolic cost. Overall, the device torque profiles generally differed from the corresponding net joint moment generated by muscles without assistance, and occasionally exceeded the net joint moment to reduce muscle activity at other degrees of freedom. Many devices affected the activity of muscles elsewhere in the limb; for example, the hip flexion device affected muscles that span the ankle joint. Our results may help experimentalists decide which joint motions to target when building devices and can provide intuition for how devices may interact with the musculoskeletal system. The simulations are freely available online, allowing others to reproduce and extend our work.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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