By the interaction of intense (1010
particles/500 ns) relativistic (∼300
MeV/amu) heavy ion beams with solid targets, large volumes
(several cubic millimeters) of strongly coupled plasmas are
...produced at solid-state densities and temperatures of up to
1 eV, with relevance for equation-of-state (EOS) studies of
matter at high energy density and heavy ion-beam-driven inertial
confinement fusion (ICF). The time and space profile of the
ion beams, focused by the plasma lens to diameters of a minimum
of 0.5 mm in order to obtain specific energy depositions of
up to about 4 kJ/g, were measured to calculate the energy
deposition in the target. In the present work, the plasmas created
by ion beam interaction with cryogenic gas crystals and metallic
targets are studied, among other methods, by backlighting
shadowgraphy and electrical conductivity measurements. The
experiments are coupled with two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.
The dynamics of low entropy weak shock waves induced by heavy
ion beams in solid targets was investigated by means of a schlieren
technique. The targets consist of a metallic absorber for the
beam ...energy deposition followed by a plexiglass block for optical
observations. Multiple waves propagating with supersonic velocities
at 15 kbar pressures were observed in the plexiglass, for pressures
of up to 70 kbar numerically calculated in the absorbers. Pressures
in the megabar ranges are predicted for a near future beam upgrade,
enabling studies of phase transition to metallic states of H,
Kr, and Xe.
A remark on a theorem of Browder Udrea, Corneliu
Carpathian Journal of Mathematics,
01/2013, Letnik:
29, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This work deals with a Browder type theorem, and some of its consequences. We consider ❬𝑋, 𝑌❭ a dual pair of real normed spaces, 𝐶 a weakly closed convex subset of 𝑋 containing 0𝑋, and 𝐿 a ...function from 𝐶 into 𝑌 which is monotone, weakly continuous on the line segments in 𝐶, and coercive. In the article „Nonlinear monotone operators and convex sets in Banach spaces“, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 71 (1965), F. E. Browder proved the existence of solutions for variational inequalities with such an operator 𝐿 provided that 𝑋 = 𝐸 is a reflexive Banach space, and 𝑌 = 𝐸′ is its dual space. It is the object of this note to remark that a similar result is valid when 𝑌 = 𝐸 is a Banach space (not necessary reflexive) and 𝑋 = 𝐸′ (for example in the case of the Lebesgue spaces 𝐸 = 𝐿¹(T), and 𝐸′ = 𝐿∞ (T)). Moreover we shall show that the Browder's theorem is a consequence of this result, and we shall also prove a Stampacchia type theorem.
The utility of point of care ultrasound training during medical school is becoming more and more evident. At the Loma Linda University School of Medicine, we have formally integrated ultrasound ...education into the curriculum of all four years. Exposure begins in the first few months of Year 1 and takes form in a variety of educational mediums through Year 4. Whether students receive training through mandatory sessions during physical diagnosis courses or extracurricular workshops provided through the Ultrasound Interest Group–-the experience equips learners of at all different skill levels with the confidence to apply what they have learned to patient care. The successful integration of ultrasound training into the medical curriculum can be attributed to progressive administration, devoted faculty and eager students. The perspective of medical students during the integration process is described in this paper.
European activities on inertial fusion energy are coordinated by “keep in touch activities” of the European Fusion Programme coordinated by the European Commission. There is no general inertial ...fusion program in Europe. Instead, a number of activities relevant to inertial fusion are carried out by university groups and research centers. The Helmholtz-Research Center GSI-Darmstadt (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) operates accelerator facilities which provide the highest intensity for heavy ion beams and therefore key issues of ion beam driven fusion can be addressed. In addition to the accelerator facilities, one high-energy laser system is available (nhelix: nanosecond high-energy laser for ion experiments) and another one is under construction (PHELIX: petawatt high-energy laser for ion experiments). The heavy ion synchrotron facility, SIS18 (Schwer-Ionen-Synchrotron 18) recently delivered an intense uranium beam that deposits about 1
kJ/g specific energy in solid matter. Using this beam, experiments have been performed where solid Pb- and Ta-targets have been heated to the level of 1
eV. Experiments to study interaction mechanism of heavy ion beams with matter have been continued and are reported here.
The synchrotron SIS at GSI presently offers the possibility to heat samples of matter at solid state density to temperatures between 0.2 and 1 eV within times shorter than the desintegration time of ...these samples. Hot matter below solid state density can be investigated using the expanding sample, whereas densities above solid state density are produced by shock wave compression in compound targets.
Measurements of sample expansion and pressure as well as corresponding simulations are presented. Future experimental schemes are discussed including the use of the ion beam as a diagnostic tool for dense plasma, relating its energy loss to the sample density.
High-energy-density physics experiments with intense heavy ion beams Varentsov, D.; Ternovoi, V. Ya; Kulish, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2007, Letnik:
577, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this paper we discuss physical and technical issues of high-energy-density physics (HEDP) experiments with intense heavy ion beams that are being performed at the Gesellschaft für ...Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt. Special attention is given to a comparison of some recent results on expansion dynamics of evaporating lead that have been obtained in heavy ion beam driven HIHEX (Heavy-Ion Heating and Expansion) experiments at GSI-Darmstadt and in high-explosive driven shock wave loading and release experiments at IPCP–Chernogolovka.
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