At the end of 2016, Kyrgyz Republic was certified by the World Health Organization as a malaria-free country, while only a decade ago this disease posed a serious health threat. The progress achieved ...by Kyrgyz Republic provides a unique example of tertian (Plasmodium vivax) malaria elimination. This success was based on an integrated approach, including measures for the treatment of infected people and disease prevention, vector control and the development of an effective national epidemiological surveillance system. Lower P. vivax msp-1, msp-3α, csp and dbpII genes polymorphism was revealed in Kyrgyz Republic in compare with that in Tajikistan. Molecular characterization of the causative agent found that P. vivax populations in Kyrgyz Republic was comprised by several lineages, highly divergent in the south-western and genetically homogeneous in the northern regions of Kyrgyz Republic, d. Such profile in the northern regions was compatible with several recent introductions rather than a long-term endemic circulation of the parasite. A low level of genetic variability suggested that the parasitic systems of tertian malaria, were not adapted, which, along with other factors, largely determined the possibility of malaria elimination in northern Kyrgyz Republic. Other determinants included environmental, social, and epidemiological factors that limited the spread of malaria. South-western Kyrgyz Republic, a region with a high level of interstate migration, requires considerable attention to prevent the spread of malaria.
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•To date, this is the only study on P. vivax genetic diversity in Kyrgyz Republic.•The P. vivax variability at south-western Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan border is higher as at northern Kyrgyz Republic.•New unique msp-1 haplotype in the northern Kyrgyz Republic•Lower P. vivax msp-3α, csp and dbpII genes polymorphism in Kyrgyz Republic in compare with that in Tajikistan•Low P. vivax diversity along with other measures contributed to malaria elimination.
The aim of the work
was to analyze the results of investigating the field material obtained from natural plague foci of the Kyrgyz Republic (KR) in 2023, using modern diagnostic technologies.
...Materials and methods
. 1435 biological samples from the Tien Shan, Alai and Talas high-mountain foci of the Kyrgyz Republic were studied using conventional methods of laboratory diagnosis of plague: microbiological, immunological, biological; as well as modern molecular-genetic methods. Testing of the obtained samples for the presence of plague pathogen DNA was carried out using RT-PCR; and the presence of antibodies to the plague microbe was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Molecular identification of
Yersinia pestis
strains according to their appurtenance to subspecies, biovars, and phylogenetic lineages was performed by RT-PCR using the method of identifying single-nucleotide substitutions based on the analysis of melting curves of products.
Results and discussion
. An approach to the molecular identification of
Y. pestis
strains from plague foci of the KR has been developed and validated through identifying singlenucleotide substitutions using the analysis of product melting curves (HMR-analysis) with a set of designed primers. It has been established that
Y. pestis
strains isolated in the Sarydzhaz autonomous focus of the Tien Shan high-mountain focus belong to the biovar antiqua of the main subspecies, phylogenetic branch 0.ANT5. The phylogenetic relation of
Y. pestis
strains isolated in 2023 was studied based on genome-wide SNP analysis. Areas of epizootic activity in Eastern Alai have been identified. The data obtained indicate the sustained activation of plague foci in the KR. Areas of the territory of the KR that are promising for paleogenomic research are also discussed.
The most important component of strengthening the potential for responding to biological threats both at the national and interstate levels is the formation of a unified system for monitoring and ...responding to emergencies (ES) of sanitary-epidemiological nature in the CIS territory.
The aim
of the work was to review the systems for monitoring and responding to emergencies of sanitary-epidemiological character in the CIS countries by the example of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic, to characterize the main areas of international cooperation on countering biological threats and coordinating international response measures in the CIS countries.
Materials and methods
. Information and analytical materials provided by organizations responsible for epidemiological surveillance and control in the CIS countries, Internet sources, and publications were used for the study.
Results and discussion
. The organization and functioning of the systems for monitoring and responding to emergencies in the CIS countries is a state function. It includes, as a rule, the national, regional (sub-national) and territorial (local) levels, which have horizontal and vertical connections. The legal framework is made up of documents of the legislative level. Interdepartmental interaction in response to emergencies is carried out both at the republican level and in administrative territories; the basis for interaction is the integrated planning of preventive and anti-epidemic measures and the functioning of the relevant organizational structures on an ongoing basis. Since 2015, with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation, programs have been implemented aimed at assisting partner countries in the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) in order to increase national response capacity and form a unified sanitaryepidemiological emergency response system in the CIS countries. The main areas of collaboration are strengthening the material and technical base and human resources of specialized institutions and scientific cooperation. As a result of the program implementation, a unified system for monitoring and prompt response to emergencies in the field of public health of sanitary-epidemiological nature has essentially been formed in the CIS countries to date, uniting more than 15 specialized institutions from 8 CIS countries.
Objective
of this study was to determine the risk factors of brucellosis morbidity in the Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan.
Materials and methods
. A case-control study was conducted in the process of ...field epidemiological survey of risk factors of brucellosis incidence that lasted for 6 month in the year 2018 in the Jalal-Abad Region. The study involved 180 respondents (90 cases and 90 controls). Cases of brucellosis were identified on the basis of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory criteria. Respondents were interviewed using the developed questionnaire to obtain information on the risk factors. To determine the exposure/ disease ratio, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated for each factor.
Results
and discussion
. It was revealed that the intake of unpasteurized homemade cream (OR = 2.8; CI = 1.5–5.2; p = 0.0001), grilled meat (shish-kebabs) (OR = 5.1; CI = 2.5–10.4; p = 0.0001); cases of abortion or stillbirth among animals in households (OR = 11.3; CI = 4.2–30.6; p = 0.0001), stall cleaning (OR = 2.5; CI = 1.3–4.626; p = 0.0001), shearing of sheep (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.2–5.6; p = 0.01) and animal slaughter (OR = 2.9; CI = 1.2–6.5; p = 0.01) are statistically significant in relation to the risk of infection with brucellosis. To that end, the listed factors are the key risk factors for brucellosis infection. The livestock keeping in private households (OR = 7.1; CI = 3.0–16.5; p = 0.0001) is also of great importance as a risk factor. For implementation of any preventive measures against brucellosis the value of the OR indicator (OR = 0.8, CI = 0.04–0.18; p = 0.0001) proves their reasonability.
Objective
of the study was to develop an effective method of sample pooling for the detection of SARSCoV-2 coronavirus RNA using PCR and evaluate that approach with various test systems.
Materials ...and methods.
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus RNA was detected in samples containing nasal swabs placed in a transport medium. 5 samples were combined into one pool to perform the analysis. The effectiveness of the “in single test tube” pooling method for performing mass studies for COVID-19 was evaluated using the Vector-PCRrv-2019-nCoV-RG-19 test systems,Russia; “ArtTest COVID-19”,Belarus; “BioSpeedy”,Turkey.
Results and discussion.
A total of 587 pools were studied, consisting of 2935 test samples, in which 56 samples containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected and confirmed by PCR. When studying the method of pooling samples, its specificity and optimal sensitivity for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA using the Vector-PCRrv-2019-nCoV-RG, ArtTest COVID-19, and BioSpeedy test systems were shown. The results of applying the pooling method correlated with the data obtained without pooling samples. The average deviation of the cycle amounted to 2 Ct; the fluorescence curve of positive samples corresponded to the «S» form.
The Kyrgyz Republic could achieve the absence of local malaria transmission due to the developed and effectively implemented antimalarial. interventions 3. In 2012-2014, the cost of malaria ...elimination in the country was US$ 210,200 by its government, US$ 1,795,467 by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and US$ 50,000 by the WHO. A package of preventive measures with adequate financing is needed to maintain well-being in the malaria-free foci in the post-elimination period. Malaria eliimination in the Kyrgyz Republic, which was achieved in 2012, has been certified by the World Health Organization in 2016 at the request of the Government of Kyrgyzstan.
In the period of an epidemic outbreak, tertian malaria is registered at a high rate among children, which has a characteristic sign of local transmission via malaria mosquitoes. The case histories of ...66 patients with tertian malaria, including 27 children aged 10 months to 15 years, treated at the infection unit of Tashkumyr town hospital in July to August 2006, were the subject of this investigation. In childhood malaria, the specific feature of feverish paroxysm is daily fever with evident symptoms of intoxication and signs of neurotoxicosis.
The level of the population's knowledge and behavior of the prevention of malaria is much higher in the south of Kyrgyzstan than in the north of the country and has a significant correlation with the ...frequency of performed actions (to obtain information by one person twice times or more). The findings may lead to the conclusion that the information education campaign to prevent malaria was successful. Multiple presentation of information to the population should be considered to be effective. The efficiency of the campaign should be evaluated 6 months after the launch of the information education campaign.
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