Abstract
The radiation temperature metrology above 150 °C relies heavily on the use of physical interpolation equations and known reference temperature (provided by solid–liquid phase transition of ...high-purity metals and metal-carbon eutectic alloys) fixed-point blackbodies. Recent achievements in thermal infrared detector technologies triggered the extension of the scale interpolation below this temperature down to 0 °C by using the reference temperatures provided by Sn, In, Ga fixed-points and ice-point, where the reference temperature of the later is dependent on external parameters. In this work, we demonstrate that the triple-point of water (TPW) based fixed-point blackbody is the metrologically grounded alternative to the ice-point. For this purpose, a fixed-point blackbody, incorporating only a cavity and large area TPW (LATPW) cell was designed, constructed, and validated for the precise calibration of radiation thermometers (RTs) and thermal cameras at the thermodynamic temperature of TPW. The conceptual design of the LATPW cells is similar to the ones used in contact thermometry, where a thermometer well of the cell is employed as a borehole for a cavity, where the cavity is easily detachable. Four different cavities (two different designs with aperture sizes of 40 mm and 50 mm) and three LATPW cells with two distinct well geometries were comparatively studied in several combinations. The largest absolute temperature difference observed between the primary level reference TPW cell (used in contact thermometry) and the LATPW cells is measured to be only 0.37 mK. Radiometric measurements demonstrate that all radiators maximally reflect the blackbody condition including emissivity close to unity, high uniformity across the aperture and high temporal stability. The simplicity of maintenance and easy in-field usage (only distilled water and dry ice are required) make the TPW blackbodies very versatile for the
in-situ
calibrations of RTs and thermal cameras, allowing its application in many areas including clinical environments.
Main text
The purpose of this comparison was to compare the results of the participating laboratories at the triple point of water temperature (TPW) and assess the uncertainty on the practical ...realization of triple point of water temperature by the participant laboratories and also to support the Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMC) entries of the participating laboratories for this fixed point. This comparison was initiated as a EURAMET project with project number 1357. Initially, the participants of the comparison included the Metrology Institutes of Albania (DPM), F.Y.R Macedonia (BOM), Montenegro (MBM) and Serbia (DMDM). But at the later stages of the comparison, these countries understandably chose to leave the comparison instead of repeating the measurements due to an unexpected problem. On the other hand, participants from GULFMET organization, Emirates Metrology Institute (EMI) and National Measurement and Calibration Center at Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SASO NMCC) and also Jordan National Metrology Institute (JNMI) were included in the comparison after having approvals of each participating laboratory. Then the comparison was registered as Key Comparison with the name EURAMET.T-K7-4 in BIPM KCDB. Finally, two loops was combined together and five institutes performed the comparison with the single circulating TPW Cell. This report presents the results of the TPW comparison and gives detailed information about the measurements made at TUBİTAK UME and participating laboratories.
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Final Report
. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database
https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/
.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
In the field of humidity quantities, the first CIPM key comparison, CCT-K6 is at its end. The corresponding European regional key comparison, EUROMET.T-K6, was completed in early 2008, about 4 years ...after the starting initial measurements in the project. In total, 24 NMIs from different countries took part in the comparison. This number includes 22 EURAMET countries, and Russia and South Africa. The comparison covered the dew-point temperature range from −50 °C to +20 °C. It was carried out in three parallel loops, each with two chilled mirror hygrometers as transfer standards in each loop. The comparison scheme was designed to ensure high quality results with evenly spread workload for the participants. It is shown that the standard uncertainty due to the long-term instability was smaller than 0.008 °C in all loops. The standard uncertainties due to links between the loops were found to be smaller than 0.025 °C at −50 °C and 0.010 °C elsewhere. Conclusions on the equivalence of the dew-point temperature standards are drawn on the basis of calculated bilateral degrees of equivalence and deviations from the EURAMET comparison reference values (ERV). Taking into account 16 different primary dew-point realizations and 8 secondary realizations, the results demonstrate the equivalence of a large number of laboratories at an uncertainty level that is better than achieved in other multilateral comparisons so far in the humidity field.
Medical use of the thermal cameras and the imagers have experienced significantly gain in the last two decades. Although thermograms with a high spatial and an acceptable temperature resolution would ...be sufficient for most clinical applications, there are increasing requirements for quantitative analysis of the medical thermograms to facilitate cross-centre data exchange and as an aid to more reliable diagnosis. Therefore, absolute and International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) traceable temperature calibrations of the thermal imagers are necessary. On the other hand, such calibrations are useful to trace the long and short time stabilities of the thermal cameras. This study describes a large area triple point of water cell based blackbody (TPWBB) developed for the traceable and absolute calibrations of the thermal imagers. The results of the measurement campaign for the characterization of the base parameters of the TPWBB are presented. The traceability of calibrations is validated by means of ITS-90 traceable low temperature radiation thermometer with a working bandwidth of 8-14µm.
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genetic variants. CFTR modulators improve pulmonary function and reduce ...respiratory infections in CF. This study investigated the clinical and laboratory follow‐up parameters over 1 year in patients with CF who could not receive this treatment.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 2018 and 2019 CF patient data from the CF registry of Turkey. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 294 patients were assessed, who had modulator treatment indications in 2018 but could not reach the treatment.
Results
In 2019, patients younger than 18 years had significantly lower BMI z‐scores than in 2018. During the 1‐year follow‐up, forced expiratory volumes (FEV1) and FEV1 z‐scores a trend toward a decrease. In 2019, chronic Staphylococcus aureus colonization, inhaled antipseudomonal antibiotic use for more than 3 months, oral nutritional supplement requirements, and oxygen support need increased.
Conclusions
Patients who had indications for modulator treatments but were unable to obtain them worsened even after a year of follow‐up. This study emphasized the importance of using modulator treatments for patients with CF in our country, as well as in many countries worldwide.
