In approximately 15% of homosexual men, their phenotype is associated to the fraternal birth order. Older biological brothers induce in their mothers anti-male factors (antibodies) that interfere the ...brain maleness development of younger fetuses. This effect is seldom seen in non-right-handed men and is not seen in women. The influence of older siblings is seen in their sex ratio (SR). In contradiction with previous hypothesis, significant heterogeneities of SR have been found among older siblings of males or females, right or non-right-handed and homo or heterosexual individuals. This can only be understood as if the findings among homosexuals were part of a general mechanism of fetus-maternal tolerance-rejection processes of placental mammals. We found, in relation to ABO and Rh systems and sex, that embryos with genes different from those of their mothers, induced better pregnancies and maternal tolerance than embryos similar to their mothers. Assuming that homo or heterosexuality and right or non-right-handedness behave similar to ABO or Rh alleles, the author provides a speculative interpretation of these results. Homosexual women and especially if they are non-right-handed, are preceded by siblings with a high SR (maternal environment with anti-female or pro-male factors); then lesbianism or non-right-handedness may induce tolerance to be a woman in such anti-female environment. Non-right-handedness could induce tolerance for anti-male factors of mothers, thus preventing the production of gays in a pro-male maternal environment, but leading to the production of non-right-handed gays in anti-male maternal environments. Several new hypotheses and interpretations merge from this new proposition. Also, complete sexual orientation could be acquired after birth.
Oral microorganisms produce damage through the transfer to bloodstream, colonizing other tissues or direct damage in the oral cavity. Aim to study the quantitative interactions between C. albicans ...and the mutans streptococci and ms serotypes in the saliva of the oral cavity of patients with Down syndrome (DS).
Included 120 patients of both genders, 60 patients with Down syndrome (DS) and 60 pa- tients as a control group (CG). Samples of saliva were taken, and bacteria and fungi were grown on TYCSB and Saboureaud agar. Microbiological, serological and quantitative analyses were performed to determine the kind of isolated of microorganisms corresponding to the ms c, e, f and k for species S. mutans and d and g for S. sobrinus and C. albicans. Electronic scanning microscopy was employed to visualize and confirm the colonies under study. Statistics analysis included t-test proofs for matched data test, Scheffé and ANOVA.
Forming units (CFU) per mL of saliva of C. albicans a significant difference was observed among DS<CG groups. A correlation of the C. albicans quantity and the ms count was found by age intervals however, tendencies were different in SD and CG. Also, the CFU of C. albicans was different among the serotypes of ms (c, e, f, k <d, g, h, <notyped).
These results show a significant non-random association between these two commensal microorganisms in different patient groups.
to compare the concentration and serotype of Streptococcus mutans in saliva of Down syndrome (DS), mental retarded (MR) and healthy control (C) individuals of the Región Metropolitana Sur of Santiago ...of Chile.
Hundred and seventy nine male and females children and adolescents, aged between 5 to 19 years, 59 DS, 60 MR and 60 C were studied. Saliva samples were cultured in TYCSB agar for quantification, biochemical and serological tests. ANOVA and Chi-square for homogeneity tests were applied.
C, DS and MR presented Streptococcus mutans (serotypes c, e, f) and Streptococcus sobrinus (d, g, h), but only among DS and MR non-typifiable (No-tip) Streptococcus mutans were found. MR and DS showed higher bacteria concentration scores than C (P=0.001). Serotypes showed a significant heterogeneity of concentration scores: d, g, h showed the highest and No-tip the lowest one (P = 0.037).
No-tip bacteria were absent in C and present in MR and DS; this result indicates different immune and ecological conditions among these human groups. The score of Streptococcus mutans in saliva was higher in DS and MR than in C.
Every living being is the result of a genome-environment interaction. Neither human oocytes nor spermatozoids have human functional genomes, but the zygote that they constitute may have a human ...functional genome and other functional genomes such as those of the hydatidiform mole, polyploids, and non-human living beings. When the zygotic human functional genome is integrated and activated, the biotic humanity is acquired. This may occur when the paternal chromatin decondenses; the nuclear environment and envelope of both nuclei are changed to constitute pronuclei; the replacement of sperm protamines by histones; genome imprinting modifications; centriole duplication; and more importantly, the fourfold genome replication. Other propositions on the origin of humans are: embryo implantation 6-7 days post fertilization, (dpf); the appearance of the antero-posterior axis; the limit for monozygote twining (13dpf) and the appearance of the neural tissue (16dpf). They are refuted because some mammals do not implant; embryo axes are present in the zygote; some animals regenerate complete individuals from each part in which they are divided; plants do not have neural system; a human whose brain was destroyed by cancer continues to be a human. Alternative propositions coming from philosophies, theologies, perceptive knowledge, beliefs and intuitions and based on conceptualizations like person, anima, soul, organization, socio-cultural relations are ideologically or religiously biased and based on irreducible beliefs such as faith. They lead to disagreement rather than to agreement.
Aunque el aumento en la cobertura de telecomunicaciones en el país ha sido considerable, una gran parte de la población, sobre todo en áreas rurales, aún no cuenta con la infraestructura suficiente ...para acceder a las TICs (internet 4G, televisión digital, entre otras). Existen múltiples causas para esta 'desconexión': la difícil geografía, la escasés de vías o las nulas garantías de seguridad. Este artículo reseña los diferentes programas que ha desarrollado el Estado para que el país esté interconectado, y plantea las posibilidades que se abren al sacar de escena a un actor armado tan fuerte en las regiones, como es la guerrilla de las FARC. Palabras clave: Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones, desarrollo económico, educación, gobierno, democracia. Despite of the considerable increase in telecommunications coverage along the country, a large part of the population, especially in rural areas, does not have sufficient ICT infrastructure (4G Internet, digital television, etc.). This disconnection is caused by multiple issues: aggressive geography, scarcity of roads, or the few security guarantees. This article reviews different programs developed by Colombian Government to make an interconnected country, and raises the possibilities of economic development without intervention of a strong armed group in the rural areas, such as the FARC. Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies, Economic development, Education, Government, Democracy.
Our previous studies have shown that the monthly rhythm of menarche is associated to the expectancy of holidays or vacations. If this hypothesis is true, menarche episodes in Chile should cluster in ...December, the month prior to summer vacations.
To study whether the expectancy of holidays or vacations is the main determinant of the annual rhythm of menarche.
During 1990 and 1991, a questionnaire about the date of birth and date of menarche, was applied to girls living in Santiago (Chile) and Medellin (Colombia), aged 8 to 18.5 years. They were requested to register the year, month or day of menarche, only if they recalled it precisely.
Discarding clerical errors, data was obtained from 3,225 Chilean and 3,435 Colombian girls. Of these 73 and 63% of Chilean and Colombian girls recalled the day of menarche. Among Chilean girls an excess of menarche episodes was observed in December, January and February. The mean age per month of menarche reached its highest value of 155.6+/-15 months in December and fell to 148+/-17 months in January (p <0.001). Among Colombian girls, mean age per month of menarche was also higher in December and lower in January (152+/-15 and 147+/-14 months respectively, p <0.001). However a peak of 152+/-15 months was also observed in June.
A similar distribution of menarche episodes was observed among Chilean and Colombian girls, with a peak in the months preceding holidays. The influence of the photoperiod is unlikely since Medellin is located in parallel 6 and there are little variations in daylight exposure in the different seasons. Therefore, our data supports the hypothesis that the prospect of holidays is a determinant of menarche.
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