Analyser les qualités psychométriques d’un questionnaire mesurant le concept de soi en contexte scolaire, en explorant l’influence des mesures de soutien à l’inclusion en classe ordinaire sur les ...dimensions du concept de soi et l’intégration sociale des élèves ayant des besoins éducatifs particuliers (BEP) et leurs camarades de classe.
Au total, 568 élèves de Suisse romande âgés entre 8 et 9 ans (48 % de filles), dont 173 bénéficiaient de mesures de soutien, ont répondu au CoSoi et à des matrices sociométriques.
Les résultats confirment une structure en quatre facteurs invariante selon le genre et selon les mesures de soutien à l’inclusion. Seul le modèle tridimensionnel est également invariant selon le degré. Les deux dimensions du concept de soi académique (i.e., Langue et Mathématiques) diffèrent selon le genre. Bien que les élèves ayant des BEP rapportent des niveaux de concept de soi académique inférieurs, aucun effet négatif des pratiques inclusives sur le vécu socio-émotionnel de ces élèves et de leurs camarades de classe n’est constaté.
Les mesures de soutien n’apparaissent pas impacter le concept de soi des élèves en général, ni l’intégration sociale des élèves ayant des BEP. Le CoSoi apparaît être un instrument de mesure indiqué pour estimer l’impact de ces mesures sur le fonctionnement social de la classe ou le bien-être des élèves, qu’ils soient identifiés comme ayant des BEP ou non. Il peut également permettre d’évaluer l’efficacité des pratiques inclusives en classes ordinaires, en complément des évaluations de performances scolaires.
For several years now, the educational system in Switzerland has aimed to develop inclusive schooling. There are still questions about the effectiveness of support measures implemented to help in the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs in regular classrooms and their possible influence on pupils’ self-perception. Self-concept is defined as a multifaceted self-representation, developed through environmental experiences and significant others. In school settings, the dimensions of self-concept refer to academic (i.e., language learning and mathematics) and nonacademic (i.e., social) domains. The CoSoi is an easy-to-administer questionnaire that measures academic and social self-concept as well as attitudes towards school. Thus, the objective of the present study is to explore the psychometric properties of the CoSoi while considering the influence of support measures in the regular classroom on self-concept and social integration of pupils with special educational needs and their classmates.
A sample of 568 pupils in a French-speaking area of Switzerland (48% girls ; 173 pupils receiving support measures; 8–9 years-old) completed the CoSoi and sociometric matrices. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed to compare two different models (i.e., a four-dimensional and a second order three-dimensional model). Then, the factorial invariance of the scale was tested across gender, grade and pupils with or without support measure. Finally, differences in levels of self-concept and social integration were tested using repeated measure ANOVAs.
The results of CFA indicate that indices of the two models tested showed satisfactory fit to our data. The four-factor model was invariant across gender and support measures, whereas the second order three-factor model was also invariant across grade. Although the two dimensions of academic self-concept (i.e., language learning and mathematics) differed by gender, there was no significant effect of the support measures received. Despite lower levels of academic self-concept than their classmates, the observed gap of pupils receiving support measures did not increase over the course of the year. In addition, levels of social self-concept were relatively high and stable over time.
The results of the present study indicated that the support measures implemented did not seem to negatively affect pupils’ self-concept or self-perception regarding their social integration in the regular class. Pupils with special educational needs did not experiment increased marginalization or discrimination during the school year. In conclusion, the CoSoi appears to be an appropriate measure for estimating the degree to which the implementation of inclusive education may impact the classroom's social functioning or the pupils’ well-being, whether or not they are identified as having special educational needs. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of inclusive practices in regular classrooms as a complement to measures of achievement. This questionnaire allows to take into account the global construct of academic self-concept, and it has the advantage of being quick and easy to administer.
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) applied between T8 and T11 segments has been shown to be effective for the treatment of chronic pain of the lower back and limbs. However, the mechanism of the analgesic ...effect at these medullary levels remains unclear. Numerous studies relate glial cells with development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain. Glial cells are electrically excitable, which makes them a potential therapeutic target using SCS. The aim of this study is to report glia to neuron ratio in thoracic segments relevant to SCS, as well as to characterize the glia cell population at these levels. Dissections from gray and white matter of posterior spinal cord segments (T8, T9, intersection T9/T10, T10 and T11) were obtained from 11 human cadavers for histological analyses. Neuronal bodies and glial cells (microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) were immunostained, microphotographed and counted using image analysis software. Statistical analyses were carried out to establish significant differences of neuronal and glial populations among the selected segments, between the glial cells in a segment, and glial cells in white and gray matter. Results show that glia to neuron ratio in the posterior gray matter of the human spinal cord within the T8–T11 vertebral region is in the range 11 : 1 to 13 : 1, although not significantly different among vertebral segments. Glia cells are more abundant in gray matter than in white matter, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are more abundant than microglia (40 : 40 : 20). Interestingly, the population of oligodendrocytes in the T9/T10 intersection is significantly larger than in any other segment. In conclusion, glial cells are the predominant bodies in the posterior gray and white matter of the T8–T11 segments of the human spinal cord. Given the crucial role of glial cells in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and their electrophysiological characteristics, anatomical determination of the ratio of different cell populations in spinal segments commonly exposed to SCS is fundamental to understand fully the biological effects observed with this therapy.
This study analyzes glia to neuron ratio and glial cells population in dorsal aspect of thoracic spinal cord levels T8–T11, the range relevant to spinal cord stimulation. Histological study shows that glia to neuron ratio is similar among these levels. However, a significant increment of oligodendrocytes in both gray and white matter between T9 and T10 spinal cord levels was observed.
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a global health threat has highlighted the unmet need for ZIKV-specific vaccines and antiviral treatments. ZIKV infects dendritic cells (DC), which have pivotal ...functions in activating innate and adaptive antiviral responses; however, the mechanisms by which DC function is subverted to establish ZIKV infection are unclear. Here we develop a genomics profiling method that enables discrete analysis of ZIKV-infected versus neighboring, uninfected primary human DCs to increase the sensitivity and specificity with which ZIKV-modulated pathways can be identified. The results show that ZIKV infection specifically increases the expression of genes enriched for lipid metabolism-related functions. ZIKV infection also increases the recruitment of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors to lipid gene promoters, while pharmacologic inhibition or genetic silencing of SREBP2 suppresses ZIKV infection of DCs. Our data thus identify SREBP2-activated transcription as a mechanism for promoting ZIKV infection amenable to therapeutic targeting.
The natural mechanisms that direct proteins to membranes are typically complex, requiring multiple steps and accessory components. It would be advantageous to develop simplified methods to direct ...proteins of interest to phospholipid membranes in a single step. Here we report a modular method for membrane localization of proteins by using chemically modified phospholipid anchors capable of covalent attachment to O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (SNAP-tag) fusion proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first use of SNAP-tag reactions to modify benzylguanine-functionalized lipid membranes. We demonstrate that photocaged lipid precursors enable light-triggered spatial and temporal control over protein localization. The anchoring system is compatible with cell-free expression, allowing for genetic targeting of proteins to lipid membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles. This technique can be used to control membrane curvature effects, similar to what has been previously observed with certain membrane-bound proteins. This work addresses a current need in synthetic biology for simplified and robust methods to control membrane localization of expressed proteins and shows promise as a general tool for protein targeting to lipid vesicles and cellular membranes.
Autophagy is a major nutrient recycling mechanism in plants. However, its functional connection with programmed cell death (PCD) is a topic of active debate and remains not well understood. Our ...previous studies established the plant metacaspase AtMC1 as a positive regulator of pathogen-triggered PCD. Here, we explored the linkage between plant autophagy and AtMC1 function in the context of pathogen-triggered PCD and aging. We observed that autophagy acts as a positive regulator of pathogen-triggered PCD in a parallel pathway to AtMC1. In addition, we unveiled an additional, pro-survival homeostatic function of AtMC1 in aging plants that acts in parallel to a similar pro-survival function of autophagy. This novel pro-survival role of AtMC1 may be functionally related to its prodomain-mediated aggregate localization and potential clearance, in agreement with recent findings using the single budding yeast metacaspase YCA1. We propose a unifying model whereby autophagy and AtMC1 are part of parallel pathways, both positively regulating HR cell death in young plants, when these functions are not masked by the cumulative stresses of aging, and negatively regulating senescence in older plants.
L’objectif de cette étude était d’explorer les différences de genre concernant l’insatisfaction envers le poids et l’apparence, l’influence médiatique, l’utilisation des régimes et de l’exercice ...excessif, et les troubles alimentaires dans un échantillon de 405 adolescents et jeunes adultes (277 filles et 128 garçons) âgés de 15 à 26ans. Les filles souhaitaient davantage perdre du poids alors que les garçons étaient plus nombreux à désirer en prendre et à utiliser l’exercice excessif. Des différences de genre ont été mises en évidence concernant l’insatisfaction corporelle et l’influence des médias et ce également chez les participants présentant des troubles alimentaires. Les résultats soulignent la spécificité de l’influence médiatique, des troubles de l’image du corps et de l’alimentation selon le genre.
The aim of the study was to explore gender differences in weight dissatisfaction, body dissatisfaction, media influence, use of dieting and excessive exercise, and disordered eating among a sample of 405 adolescents and young adults (277 girls and 128 boys) aged between 15 and 26. Girls were more likely to want to lose weight, whereas boys were more likely to want to gain weight and use excessive exercise. Gender differences have been found in body dissatisfaction and media influence, and among participants with disordered eating too. The findings brought out the gender-specific patterns of media influence, body image disturbances and disordered eating.
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt, a devastating plant disease responsible for serious economic losses especially on potato, tomato, and other solanaceous plant species in ...temperate countries. In R. solanacearum, gene expression analysis has been key to unravel many virulence determinants as well as their regulatory networks. However, most of these assays have been performed using either bacteria grown in minimal medium or in planta, after symptom onset, which occurs at late stages of colonization. Thus, little is known about the genetic program that coordinates virulence gene expression and metabolic adaptation along the different stages of plant infection by R. solanacearum.
We performed an RNA-sequencing analysis of the transcriptome of bacteria recovered from potato apoplast and from the xylem of asymptomatic or wilted potato plants, which correspond to three different conditions (Apoplast, Early and Late xylem). Our results show dynamic expression of metabolism-controlling genes and virulence factors during parasitic growth inside the plant. Flagellar motility genes were especially up-regulated in the apoplast and twitching motility genes showed a more sustained expression in planta regardless of the condition. Xylem-induced genes included virulence genes, such as the type III secretion system (T3SS) and most of its related effectors and nitrogen utilisation genes. The upstream regulators of the T3SS were exclusively up-regulated in the apoplast, preceding the induction of their downstream targets. Finally, a large subset of genes involved in central metabolism was exclusively down-regulated in the xylem at late infection stages.
This is the first report describing R. solanacearum dynamic transcriptional changes within the plant during infection. Our data define four main genetic programmes that define gene pathogen physiology during plant colonisation. The described expression of virulence genes, which might reflect bacterial states in different infection stages, provides key information on the R. solanacearum potato infection process.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
• Background and Aims The genus Arachis contains 80 described species. Section Arachis is of particular interest because it includes cultivated peanut, an allotetraploid, and closely related wild ...species, most of which are diploids. This study aimed to analyse the genetic relationships of multiple accessions of section Arachis species using two complementary methods. Microsatellites allowed the analysis of inter- and intraspecific variability. Intron sequences from single-copy genes allowed phylogenetic analysis including the separation of the allotetraploid genome components. • Methods Intron sequences and microsatellite markers were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in section Arachis through maximum parsimony and genetic distance analyses. • Key Results Although high intraspecific variability was evident, there was good support for most species.However, some problems were revealed, notably a probable polyphyletic origin for A. kuhlmannii. The validity of the genome groups was well supported. The F, K and D genomes grouped close to the A genome group. The 2n = 18 species grouped closer to the B genome group. The phylogenetic tree based on the intron data strongly indicated that A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis are the ancestors of A. hypogaea and A. montícola. Intron nucleotide substitutions allowed the ages of divergences of the main genome groups to be estimated at a relatively recent 2.3-2.9 million years ago. This age and the number of species described indicate a much higher speciation rate for section Arachis than for legumes in general. • Conclusions The analyses revealed relationships between the species and genome groups and showed a generally high level of intraspecific genetic diversity. The improved knowledge of species relationships should facilitate the utilization of wild species for peanut improvement. The estimates of speciation rates in section Arachis are high, but not unprecedented. We suggest these high rates may be linked to the peculiar reproductive biology of Arachis.
L’anorexie altère la qualité de vie familiale et amplifie les dysfonctionnements familiaux. Il apparaît primordial de prendre en charge la famille des anorexiques pour limiter l’impact de l’anorexie ...sur la famille. Cette étude exploratoire s’intéresse au vécu de la prise en charge de l’anorexie des parents et de la fratrie de jeunes filles anorexiques en France. L’objectif est d’explorer le vécu des traitements afin d’acquérir une meilleure connaissance de l’impact de cette maladie sur les parents et sur la fratrie. L’objectif second est de proposer différentes pistes de réflexion pour améliorer le processus de soin du patient et de sa famille.
Douze proches (6 mères, 3 pères et 3 fratries) de jeunes filles anorexiques ont participé à des entretiens semi-directifs.
Une analyse thématique a permis d’extraire des unités signifiantes sous le thème du vécu de la prise en charge, eux-mêmes regroupés dans 5 catégories : longueur et inefficacité des traitements, prise en charge de la famille, implication de la fratrie, besoin de guidance et bénéfices des groupes de paroles.
L’analyse du vécu de la maladie par les proches offre de nouvelles perspectives concernant les besoins des familles pour améliorer la prise en charge.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric disorder, which affects 0.3% of young people, with a high mortality rate. The impacts of AN on both the patient and their family are severe, as AN decreases the quality of life of the whole family, and increases dysfunctional family interactions. Providing families affected by AN with support to limit the impact of the disorder on the family is therefore critical. Importantly, the lack of consensus regarding treatments for AN is particularly painful for the patients and their relatives. This exploratory study focuses on the impact of treatments for AN on families in France. The main aim is to explore the experience of parents and siblings of individuals suffering from AN to gain a better understanding of the impact of the disorder and its treatment on the whole family. The second purpose is to identify directions for improving the support provided to patient and their relatives.
Twelve relatives of girls suffering from anorexia (6 mothers, 3 fathers and 3 siblings) were recruited within an association dedicated to the support of parents of individuals suffering from AN. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was used to extract the meaningful themes.
The results highlight five distinct categories: long and ineffective treatments, family support (of lack thereof), involvement of the siblings, the need of guidance and the benefits of support groups. Treatments are stressful for family members who are negatively impacted by both the length of treatment and the slow rates of improvement. Relatives of individuals suffering from AN, particularly siblings, require greater support as they are generally excluded from the treatment process. Parents clearly express a need of guidance concerning the appropriate behavior to adopt with their daughters. Plus they highlight the benefits of talking with other parents.
Our exploration of the experience of the families of individuals suffering from AN provides targets for the improvement of the support provided to families. Findings highlight the need for information, guidance and sharing with other families. Relatives need to be provided with more information throughout the treatment process, from diagnosis to recovery. In addition, families were particularly interested in obtaining practical advice on the appropriate behaviors to adopt with their anorexic daughter or/and sister. Finally, our results stress the helpfulness of sharing the experience of caring for someone with AN with other families facing eating disorders, in order to decrease isolation and social stigma. This study contributes to the evidence of how AN deeply affects the entire family, with major consequences for parents and siblings. This study emphasizes the need to improve the support for relatives and their involvement in the care process, in order to limit the impact of AN on other family members and to promote recovery.
Osteoarthrosis is a main cause of knee pain in the elderly. Pain associated with this condition is often refractory to conservative treatment. Total knee replacement may be the best option for severe ...pathologies; however, the occurrence of a chronic pain state after knee replacement has been well documented in the literature. The previous descriptions of the genicular nerves have been considered somewhat inaccurate. This innervation is complex and exhibits significant interindividual variability. A precise description of these nerves will increase our knowledge on different patterns and targets, to guide treatment and improve outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine sensory innervation patterns of the knee joint and correlate them with dynamic visualization via ultrasound imaging.
Systematic cadaveric dissections were performed to determine different patterns of sensory innervation of the knee followed by ultrasonographic correlation. A short-axis ultrasound view of the nerves was used to inject India ink at several points along their course to facilitate the anatomic dissection and confirm their location among adjacent structures.
The visualized structures were the following: infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, the branches to vastus medialis, intermedius, and lateralis muscles; obturator nerve; and lateral retinacular and recurrent peroneal nerves.
We conclude that reproducible correlations showing the sensory innervations for the knee are linked to muscular structures. However, high variability among individuals makes it difficult to predict their paths. Our systematic approach, using direct visualization via ultrasound, allows a more accurate placement of the needle for therapeutic purposes.
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