Aim
We investigated architectural, functional and molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to concentric (CON) or eccentric (ECC) resistance training (RT).
Methods
Twelve young males performed ...10 weeks of concentric (CON) or eccentric (ECC) resistance training (RT) (n = 6 CON, 6 ECC). An additional 14 males were recruited to evaluate acute muscle fascicle behaviour and molecular signalling in biopsies collected from vastus lateralis (VL) after 30 min of single bouts of CON or ECC exercise. VL volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle architecture (fascicle length, Lf; pennation angle, PA) was evaluated by ultrasonography. Muscle remodelling signals to CON or ECC loading MAPK/AKT‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling and inflammatory pathway (TNFαMurf‐1‐MAFbx) were evaluated by immunoblotting.
Results
Despite the ~1.2‐fold greater load of the ECC group, similar increases in muscle volume (+8% CON and +6% ECC) and in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (+9% CON and +11% ECC) were found after RT. However, increases in Lf were greater after ECC than CON (+12 vs. +5%) while increases in PA were greater in CON than ECC (+30 vs. +5%). Distinct architectural adaptations were associated with preferential growth in the distal regions of VL for ECC (+ECC +8% vs. +CON +2) and mid belly for CON (ECC +7 vs. CON +11%). While MAPK activation (p38MAPK, ERK1/2, p90RSK) was specific to ECC, neither mode affected AKT‐mTOR or inflammatory signalling 30 min after exercise.
Conclusion
Muscle growth with CON and ECC RT occurs with different morphological adaptations reflecting distinct fibre fascicle behaviour and molecular responses.
Résumé Introduction La littérature sur l’image du corps suggère que beaucoup de femmes et de jeunes femmes souffrent d’insatisfaction corporelle et celle-ci représente un facteur de risque important ...concernant le développement des troubles alimentaires. Objectifs L’objectif de l’étude est de procéder à la validation française de l’échelle d’estime corporelle – Body Esteem Scale (BES ; Mendelson et al., 2001) en population féminine. Cet autoquestionnaire comprend initialement trois sous-échelles « poids », « apparence » et « attribution ». Méthode Un échantillon de 835 adolescentes et jeunes adultes (âge moyen 16,62 ± 1,50) a participé à l’étude. Parmi celles-ci, 151 participantes ont également répondu à une échelle d’estime de soi générale de Rosenberg. Résultats Une analyse factorielle exploratoire a dégagé trois facteurs nommés : « satisfaction par rapport au poids », « satisfaction par rapport à l’apparence générale » et « désir de changement et affects négatifs associés à l’apparence générale ». Ces trois facteurs expliquent 57,84 % de la variance totale du BES et présentent des indices de consistance interne satisfaisants. La qualité d’ajustement de ce modèle apparaît satisfaisante. Des corrélations ont été retrouvées entre les trois sous-échelles du BES, l’IMC et l’estime de soi générale. Conclusion La version française du BES semble présenter des propriétés psychométriques satisfaisantes et représente un outil intéressant pour une meilleure compréhension des aspects psychologiques associés au corps. En France, très peu d’outils sont disponibles, alors que l’insatisfaction corporelle touche beaucoup d’adolescentes et de femmes et représente un facteur de risque dans le développement des troubles du comportement alimentaire.
► Three different functional phenol-enriched virgin olive oils were prepared. ► Phenolic metabolites pharmacokinetics was assessed in a randomised, cross-over study. ► A linear trend was observed for ...hydroxytyrosol sulfate, the main metabolite in plasma. ► A dose-dependent response of phenol metabolites in human plasma was observed.
Three different functional phenol-enriched virgin olive oils (FVOO) were prepared with a phenolic content of 250 (L-FVOO), 500 (M-FVOO), and 750mg (H-FVOO) total phenols/kg. In a randomised, cross-over study with 12 healthy volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of phenolic biological metabolites was assessed. An increasing linear trend was observed for hydroxytyrosol sulfate, the main phenolic metabolite quantified in plasma, with Cmax values of 1.35, 3.32, and 4.09μmol/l, and AUC mean values of 263.7, 581.4, and 724.4μmol/min for L-FVOO, M-FVOO, and H-FVOO, respectively. From our data an acute intake of phenol-enriched olive oils promotes a dose-dependent response of phenol conjugate metabolites in human plasma. Also, we point out for the first time hydroxytyrosol acetate sulfate as a main biological metabolite of hydroxytyrosol from olive oil ingestion.
L’objectif de cette étude était d’explorer les processus de coping mis en œuvre par 86 enseignants (19 % d’hommes) d’un canton de suisse romande, et d’évaluer leur association avec l’auto-efficacité ...perçue à enseigner. Deux questionnaires, the Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC) et the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES), ont été complétés entre juin 2016 et février 2017. La recherche de soutien social et la résolution de problème apparaissaient comme les processus de coping les plus fréquemment utilisés. Les enseignantes étaient significativement plus nombreuses à recourir à la recherche de soutien social afin de faire face à un problème. L’auto-efficacité perçue dans la gestion de la classe, l’engagement des élèves et les stratégies d’enseignement étaient négativement associées à l’auto-accusation et à l’évitement. Les résultats soulignent la mise en œuvre de processus de coping pertinents pour faire face aux défis actuels de la profession enseignante, et le caractère protecteur de l’auto-efficacité perçue.
Within the Swiss context of the present study, important on-going school reforms lead to new challenges and constraints for teachers. Thus, it is legitimate to question how teachers can deal with the difficulties inherent to their profession. The aim of the study was to explore the coping responses of 86 teachers (women=70; men=16; mean age=38.9±12.0), and to assess the possible relationships between those responses and teaching self-efficacy. Self-report questionnaires were administered between June 2016 and February 2017, with a return rate of 37.5%. Participants completed two questionnaires: the Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC) assessing five coping responses (solving problem, social support approbation, avoidance, positive reevaluation and self-blamed), and the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) measuring three dimensions of teachers’ self-efficacy (for classroom management, instructional strategies and student engagement). The most frequent coping responses were social support approbation and solving problem. Positive reevaluation seemed to be used as an intermediate coping response for both women and men. Women were more likely to seek social support than men in order to deal with difficulties, whereas men did not report the use of specific process. Participants reported high levels of teaching self-efficacy, without significant difference between women and men. Moreover, teachers with high level of self-efficacy for classroom management and instructional strategies were less likely to use self-blamed and avoidance coping responses. Teachers with high level of self-efficacy for student engagement were also less likely to use self-blamed coping responses. Partial correlations with sex, age and years of experience as control variables were performed, and no variation was found. The findings of the present study demonstrate that social support approbation and solving problem are coping responses commonly used in our sample of teachers. The high levels of teaching self-efficacy and the lack of significant correlation between this variable, social support approbation and solving problem coping responses question us about the protective role of self-efficacy. It could be considered as a coping response, helping to appropriately overcome the difficulties linked to the teaching profession. Due to the important school reforms in Switzerland, pre-service teachers need resources and tools to deal with these new challenges. Further studies are necessary in order to better understand relationships between coping responses and teaching self-efficacy, and their potential protective or damaging effects.
The effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 (Ba8145) and those of its heat-killed form (h-k Ba8145) on human anthropometric adiposity biomarkers are unknown.
To assess ...the effect of Ba8145 and h-k Ba8145 ingestion on anthropometric adiposity biomarkers.
Randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with abdominally obese individuals. Participants (n = 135) consumed 1 capsule/day containing 10
colony forming unit (CFU) of Ba8145, 10
CFU of h-k Ba8145, or placebo (maltodextrin) for 3 months.
Ba8145 ingestion decreased waist circumference, waist circumference/height ratio, and Conicity index (P < 0.05) versus its baseline. Changes versus the placebo group reached significance (P < 0.05) after the h-k Ba8145 treatment. Ba8145 decreased the body mass index compared with baseline and placebo group (P < 0.05). The decrease in visceral fat area after Ba8145 treatments reached significance (P < 0.05) only after h-k Ba8145. When analyses by gender were performed, significance remained only for women. Diastolic blood pressure and HOMA index decreased (P < 0.05) after h-k Ba8145. Gut microbiome analyses showed an increase in Akkermansia spp. after Ba8145 treatment, particularly in the live form, which was inversely related to weight (P = 0.003).
In abdominally obese individuals, consumption of Ba8145, both as viable and mainly as heat-killed cells, improves anthropometric adiposity biomarkers, particularly in women. An increase in the gut Akkermansia genus appears as a possible mechanism involved. Our results support Ba8145 probiotic as a complementary strategy in obesity management.
Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) are powerful QTL mapping populations that have been used to elucidate the molecular basis of interesting traits of wild species. Cultivated peanut is an ...allotetraploid with limited genetic diversity. Capturing the genetic diversity from peanut wild relatives is an important objective in many peanut breeding programs. In this study, we used a marker-assisted backcrossing strategy to produce a population of 122 CSSLs from the cross between the wild synthetic allotetraploid (A. ipaënsis×A. duranensis)(4x) and the cultivated Fleur11 variety. The 122 CSSLs offered a broad coverage of the peanut genome, with target wild chromosome segments averaging 39.2 cM in length. As a demonstration of the utility of these lines, four traits were evaluated in a subset of 80 CSSLs. A total of 28 lines showed significant differences from Fleur11. The line×trait significant associations were assigned to 42 QTLs: 14 for plant growth habit, 15 for height of the main stem, 12 for plant spread and one for flower color. Among the 42 QTLs, 37 were assigned to genomic regions and three QTL positions were considered putative. One important finding arising from this QTL analysis is that peanut growth habit is a complex trait that is governed by several QTLs with different effects. The CSSL population developed in this study has proved efficient for deciphering the molecular basis of trait variations and will be useful to the peanut scientific community for future QTL mapping studies.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Hellinger Distance (HD) is a robust splitting metric for Random Forests (RF).•HD is statistically better for imbalanced datasets with respect to AUC.•HD is statistically better for two-class ...datasets with respect to Brier score.•The combination of HD and Gini improves the robustness of RF.
Hellinger Distance (HD) is a splitting metric that has been shown to have an excellent performance for imbalanced classification problems for methods based on Bagging of trees, while also showing good performance for balanced problems. Given that Random Forests (RF) use Bagging as one of two fundamental techniques to create diversity in the ensemble, it could be expected that HD is also effective for this ensemble method. The main aim of this article is to carry out an extensive investigation on important aspects about the use of HD in RF, including handling of multi-class problems, hyper-parameter optimization, metrics comparison, probability estimation, and metrics combination. In particular, HD is compared to other commonly used splitting metrics (Gini and Gain Ratio) in several contexts: balanced/imbalanced and two-class/multi-class. Two aspects related to classification problems are assessed: classification itself and probability estimation. HD is defined for two-class problems, but there are several ways in which it can be extended to deal with multi-class and this article studies the performance of the available options. Finally, even though HD can be used as an alternative to other splitting metrics, there is no reason to limit RF to use just one of them. Therefore, the final study of this article is to determine whether selecting the splitting metric using cross-validation on the training data can improve results further. Results show HD to be a robust measure for RF, with some weakness for balanced multi-class datasets (especially for probability estimation). Combination of metrics is able to result in a more robust performance. However, experiments of HD with text datasets show Gini to be more suitable than HD for this kind of problems.
Hypertension is an independent and preventable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, however, little is known about the impact of gut microbiota composition in its development. ...We carried out comprehensive gut microbiota analysis and targeted metabolomics in a cross-sectional study of 29 non-treated hypertensive (HT) and 32 normotensive (NT) subjects. We determined fecal microbiota composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bacterial functions by metagenomic analysis. The microbial metabolites analysed were short chain fatty acids (SCFA) both in plasma and feces, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in plasma. The overall bacterial composition and diversity of bacterial community in the two groups were not significantly different. However, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Christensenellaceae_R-7, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia hominis were found to be significantly enriched in NT group, whereas, Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides plebeius and genera of Lachnospiraceae were increased in HT patients. We found a positive correlation between the HT-associated species and systolic and diastolic blood pressure after adjusted for measured confounders. SCFA showed antagonistic results in plasma and feces, detecting in HT subjects significant higher levels in feces and lower levels in plasma, which could indicate a less efficient SCFA absorption. Overall, our results present a disease classifier based on microbiota and bacterial metabolites to discriminate HT individuals from NT controls in a first disease grade prior to drug treatment.
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