A stable periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with accessible sulfonic acid functionalities is prepared via a one‐pot‐synthesis and is used as solid support for highly active catalysts, consisting ...of gold(I)‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The gold complexes are successfully immobilized on the nanoporous hybrid material via a straightforward acid–base reaction with the corresponding Au(OH)(NHC) synthon. This catalyst design strategy results in a boomerang‐type catalyst, allowing the active species to detach from the surface to perform the catalysis and then to recombine with the solid after all the starting material is consumed. This boomerang behavior is assessed in the hydration of alkynes. The tested catalysts were found to be active in the latter reaction, and after an acidic work‐up, the IPr*‐based gold catalyst can be recovered and then reused several times without any loss in efficiency.
Boomerang effect: Gold(I)‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes are successfully immobilized on PMO materials via straightforward acid–base reactions with the corresponding Au(OH)(NHC) synthon. This catalyst design strategy results in a boomerang‐type catalyst for the hydration of alkynes. The catalyst can be recovered and then reused several times without any loss in efficiency.
PURPOSEThis study aimed to investigate (1) the prevalence of nonadherence with eye drop treatment; (2) selected correlates of nonadherence at the patient and health-care organization level; and (3) ...the diagnostic value of the ophthalmologistsʼ ratings, using patientsʼ self-reports as standard.
METHODSThis cross-sectional multicenter survey used questionnaires for ophthalmologists and their patients to assess self-reported nonadherence and its correlates. One item, using a 4-point scale never (ie, adherent) to daily, asked the patients whether they had forgotten to administer eye drops during the past 2 weeks. Ophthalmologists rated their patients as adherent or nonadherent. Nonadherence was also determined by combined methods, whereby either could indicate nonadherence. Given the nested structure of the data, multilevel modeling was used to investigate self-reported nonadherence-correlates. Diagnostic values of ophthalmologistsʼ report were calculated.
RESULTSOf 663 patients (48% female, 44% >69 years), nonadherence was indicated in 39.2% (n=260) through self-reporting, 2.1% (n=14) through ophthalmologistsʼ ratings, and 40% (n=266) through combined measures. The multivariable, multilevel model showed following significant nonadherence-correlatesMale sex (P=0.01), younger age (P=0.027), and higher-dose frequency (P=0.001). No significant correlation with treating ophthalmologist (P=0.21) could be seen. Yet, the patients visiting their ophthalmologists at least every 3 months were less nonadherent than patients with fewer consultations (P=0.01). The ophthalmologistsʼ report showed a sensitivity and specificity of 3% and 98.5%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of self-reported nonadherence was congruent with literature. The patients visiting their ophthalmologists at least every 3 months have a lower risk of nonadherence. Ophthalmologist report is an insensitive method for detecting nonadherence.
The aim of this study was to compare the intra-ocular pressure (IOP) obtained by ocular response analyzer (ORA), dynamic contour tonometer (DCT) and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT). In 102 ...patients (47 with primary open-angle glaucoma and 55 healthy controls) IOP was measured with GAT, ORA and DCT in one eye. The agreement between GAT, DCT and ORA values was assessed using Bland–Altman plots. The discrepancy between the methods was related to central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) using linear regression models. Significant differences were observed amongst DCT, corneal compensated ORA (ORAcc) and GAT (
P
< 0.01). Only the ORAcc and DCT were comparable. ORAcc and DCT significantly over-estimated IOP compared to GAT and for ORAcc this difference depended on the height of IOP. A significant correlation was found between CCT and the deviation of DCT and ORAcc from corrected GAT (both
P
< 0.0001). Our study showed a low degree of agreement between IOP measured by ORA, DCT and GAT. DCT and ORAcc over-estimated the IOP compared to GAT.
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