In this paper, we explore the alleged symmetry between commons and anticommons dilemmas. Our experimental results reveal an interesting asymmetry. Anticommons situations generate greater ...opportunistic behavior than an equivalent commons dilemma (Study 1), and anticommons dilemmas yield a greater risk for ineffective use compared to commons dilemmas (Study 2).
The results of the present study bring to light important deviations from the economic model, suggesting that other factors, such as behavioral attitudes towards property and psychological variables, affect cooperation differently in anticommons and commons dilemmas. Our findings complement the existing experimental literature on commons dilemmas and contradict the presumed economic symmetry of commons and anticommons problems. The identification of relevant parameters constitutes an interesting line of future research. Such research could identify the parameters that differentiate between the behavioral outcomes imposed by the two dilemma types, and identify subjective factors that underlie people's behavior in anticommons dilemmas. Our research attests to the potential gravity of the anticommons problem, and we conclude that it is inadequate to extrapolate findings from the commons to the anticommons dilemma.
As a result of technological changes, copyright norms have developed in opposition to existing copyright law. In this article we examine how copyright enforcement efforts, mainly lawsuits against ...private copying, may induce further copyright disobedience by reinforcing the moral and social beliefs against conventional copyright law. In this paper we review recent theoretical and empirical studies and assess the hypothesis of countervailing copyright norm effects from copyright enforcement.
The case of a 63-year old man is presented in whom remission of a primary central nervous system lymphoma was achieved by corticosteroids only. After discontinuation of steroid therapy the remission ...persisted for two and a half years. Recurrences appeared at other sites of the brain, and were steroid resistant.
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