•Mango peels are an important source of mangiferin and lupeol.•Mangiferin and lupeol contents were higher in mango at consumption maturity stage.•The ultrasound extraction increases the efficiency to ...obtain mangiferin and lupeol.
Bioactive compounds have become very important in the food and pharmaceutical markets leading research interests seeking efficient methods for extracting these bioactive substances. The objective of this research is to implement preparative scale obtention of mangiferin and lupeol from mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) of autochthonous and Ataulfo varieties grown in Nayarit, using emerging extraction techniques. Five extraction techniques were evaluated: maceration, Soxhlet, sonication (UAE), microwave (MAE) and high hydrostatic pressures (HHP). Two maturity stages (physiological and consumption) as well as peel and fruit pulp were evaluated for preparative scale implementation. Peels from Ataulfo mango at consumption maturity stage can be considered as a source of mangiferin and lupeol using the UEA method as it improves extraction efficiency by increasing yield and shortening time.
Starch blends are widely used in food industry for several purposes, e.g. to reduce the retrogradation, to maintain the soft texture of some product and to develop different materials like ...microcapsules or biodegradable films. The aim of this work was to study the reorganization of the amylopectin in gels from amaranth (AmS) and achira (AS) starch blends stored at 4 °C during 21 days. The hardness, thermal properties, crystallinity and morphology of the gels were assessed. During the first 14 storage days, the structural rearrangement in the gels was mainly due to the long chains of amylopectin in AS, limiting the recrystallization and modifying the retrogradation process of the starches. The starch structure formed after the gelatinization along with the amylopectin fine structure resulted in a lower retrogradation extent of the blends when compared to the native starches. These starch blends could be used in systems where a decrease in the retrogradation process is crucial to maintain the textural and quality properties.
•Orderly structure remaining affects amylopectin reorganization.•Achira starch acts like retardant agent to amaranth starch retrogradation.•Starch blends presented lower degree of retrogradation and retrogradation enthalpy.•Water competition between starches limits molecular mobility.•Amylopectin chain length affects the molecular interaction of starches blends.
Electrospraying is a technique now applied for the production of food nanoparticles, nanofibres and nanocapsules, which could constitute a good alternative for the development of films. The goal of ...this work was to determine the electrospraying operation conditions and the zein concentration that would allow a film to be produced and also to evaluate the structural characteristics and barrier and thermal properties of films developed at different thicknesses. Results showed that films can be obtained by electrospraying, resulting possible to produce homogeneous films, without electrical arc formation during processing when using a 11.4% zein solution, an electrical voltage of 7.8–8.7 kV and a distance of 1.5 ± 0.5 cm between the nozzle and the deposit plaque. Regarding the effect of the production methods (electrospraying and casting) and the film thickness on film appearance, both variables had significant effect on colour parameters, observing a more yellowish colour (b* = 72.3 ± 6.8) and lower transparency (%T = 90.6 ± 0.21) at larger thicknesses (100 μm), and a smoother and more homogeneous surface (ESEM) when films were obtained by electrospraying. Water vapour permeability was only influenced by film thickness (1.51 × 10−08 to 3.11 × 10−08 g/s-m-Pa) in both methodologies. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) for electrospraying and casting films were different (222 °C and 231 °C respectively) and higher than that of zein powder (165 °C), indicating a possible change in the film structure due to the process. Under the process conditions tested in this work, electrospraying can be considered as an alternative technique to produce films.
Display omitted
•Electrospraying can be used to produce zein films.•Electrospraying generates similar films to those produce by casting.•Electrosprayied zein generates different products as varying process conditions.
Active edible coatings may be used to increase the shelf life of food products, free of chemical additives. An edible coating comprising chitosan (CH) and quinoa protein (QP), incorporated with ...lemongrass and cinnamon essential oils (LEO and CEO, respectively) encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) (6% w/v) was developed, and further applied on sourdough bread to evaluate its shelf life. Films were prepared at two QP:CH ratios, 4:1 and 9:1 (w/w), containing the essential oils (EO) encapsulated in MSN (individually or in 1:1 or 2:1 LEO:CEO ratios, v/v mixture). EO were extracted by steam distillation, and the antifungal effect of both oils alone and in mixture was preserved after encapsulation in MSN. The films were tested for mechanical, antifungal, and barrier properties. Films at 4:1 QP:CH ratio (w/w), added with EO (2:1 LEO:CEO ratio) encapsulated in MSN showed the best mechanical (tensile strength of 28 MPa) and barrier 5.11 × 10−5±6.4 × 10−7 g/(day*m*Pa) properties, an antifungal index of 95%. The film-forming solution was used to coat sourdough bread, to evaluate its impact on shelf life and sensory properties. The coated bread showed low hardness (49 N) up to 10.5 d of accelerated storage conditions, indicating delayed bread staling, while at the same time preventing color loss and microbial spoilage. Coated breads were found sensory acceptable by 60 untrained panelists.
•An active coating using encapsulated essential oils was developed.•Sourdough bread shelf life increased from 3 to 10.5 days using an active coating.•Consumers showed higher preference for coated sourdough bread versus the control.•The texture of coated bread was a significant parameter for consumer preference.
Moisture sorption isotherms were obtained at 9°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 35°C for methylcellulose (MC) and ethylcellulose (EC) films following the normalized microclime method. Cast MC and EC film ...samples were equilibrated to 0.22, 0.44, 0.57, 0.75, and 0.90
a
w values. MC films had an equilibrium moisture content about five times higher than the EC films. The Guggenheim–Anderson–deBöer (GAB) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equations were fitted to the experimental data using nonlinear regression. The regression coefficient (
R
2) used to evaluate model fit showed a best fit for the GAB model. The monolayer moisture content (
x
m) decreased with temperature and correlated better with values calculated using the BET equation.
The aim of this study was to validate the recordings of a commercial triaxial accelerometer (HOBO Pendant G data loggers) with respect to visual observations of grazing and ruminating time of dairy ...cows. Seven lactating Holstein cows with a mean body weight of 602 ± 45 kg were used for the study. Grazing and ruminating times were recorded using HOBO loggers (31.5 hours of total observations for grazing and ruminating) that were attached to the lateral-medial side of the jaw using a strap attached to the head of each cow in a position such that the X-axis was parallel to the ground, the Y-axis was perpendicular to the ground pointing upward, and the Z-axis was parallel to the ground pointing away from the sagittal plane; these relative positions were defined when the cow was in a natural head-up position. Median acceleration (m/s2) readings in the X-axis >0.175 and <0.95 indicated grazing activity, whereas readings in the Z-axis >−0.275 and <0.0875 indicated ruminating activity. The degree of vertical tilt (° Y-axis) was used to determine grazing position (readings >0° and <61°) and ruminating (readings >0° and <25.8°). Results showed a significant (P < 0.001) relationship of estimated grazing time against visual observations when acceleration (X-axis) was used only; nonetheless acceleration (Z-axis) was not significant (P > 0.05) for estimating ruminating time. When acceleration and tilt were used for estimating grazing (X- and Y-axis) and ruminating (Z- and Y-axis) time, the slope in both showed a significant (P ≤ 0.001) relationship. The prediction R2 in both activities indicated that acceleration (X- and Z-axis) and tilt (Y-axis) of HOBO loggers explained 0.961 and 0.945 of the variance in visual observations per cow/day. Therefore, the validation of the HOBO loggers was successful on a per cow/day and per day basis.
Background
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a source for liquid biopsy used for cancer diagnosis, therapy selection, and disease monitoring due to its non-invasive nature and ease of extraction. However, ...cfDNA also participates in cancer development and progression by horizontal transfer. In humans, cfDNA circulates complexed with extracellular vesicles (EV) and macromolecular complexes such as nucleosomes, lipids, and serum proteins. The present study aimed to demonstrate whether cfDNA not associated with EV induces cell transformation and tumorigenesis.
Methods
Supernatant of the SW480 human colon cancer cell line was processed by ultracentrifugation to obtain a soluble fraction (SF) and a fraction associated with EV (EVF). Primary murine embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) underwent passive transfection with these fractions, and cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell transformation, and tumorigenic assays were performed. Next, cfDNA was analyzed by electronic microscopy, and horizontal transfer was assessed by human mutant
KRAS
in recipient cells via PCR and recipient cell internalization via fluorescence microscopy.
Results
The results showed that the SF but not the EVF of cfDNA induced proliferative and antiapoptotic effects, cell transformation, and tumorigenesis in nude mice, which were reduced by digestion with DNAse I and proteinase K. These effects were associated with horizontal DNA transfer and cfDNA internalization into recipient cells.
Conclusions
The results suggest pro-tumorigenic effects of cfDNA in the SF that can be offset by enzyme treatment. Further exploration of the horizontal tumor progression phenomenon mediated by cfDNA is needed to determine whether its manipulation may play a role in cancer therapy.
Abstract Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disease that has been linked to inflammatory reactions and changes in the systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines that modulate responses in the ...sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We found that concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were elevated in FM patients. Both cytokines correlated with clinical scores, suggesting that IL-6 and IL-8 have additive or synergistic effects in perpetuating the chronic pain in FM patients. These findings indicate that IL-6 and IL-8 are two of the most constant inflammatory mediators in FM and that their levels correlate significantly with the severity of symptoms.
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease mainly affecting women over 50 years old and it represents a serious public health problem because of the high socioeconomic burden. This disease is characterized ...by deterioration of bone microarchitecture, low bone mineral density (BMD), and increased risk of fragility fractures. This study aimed to identify serum useful proteins as biomarkers for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of osteoporosis and fracture risk. We collected 446 serum samples from postmenopausal women aged ≥45 years old. Based on the BMD measurement, we classified the participants into three groups: osteoporotic, osteopenic, and normal. In an initial discovery stage, we conducted a proteomic approach using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). The peptides into the spots of interest were identified through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to validate the proteins of interest. We identified 27 spots of interest when comparing low BMD versus normal BMD postmenopausal women. Based on their relevance in bone metabolism, we analyzed three proteins: ceruloplasmin (CP), gelsolin (GSN), and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). Our results demonstrated that low serum VDBP levels correlate with low BMD (osteopenic and osteoporotic). Therefore, VDBP could be considered as a novel, potential, and non-invasive biomarker for the early detection of osteoporosis.
PDF