This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: diatom alga Cylindrotheca gracilis, fungi Laccaria macrocystidiata, liverworts Riccia ...canaliculata, Riccia cavernosa, and Riccia frostii, mosses Dicranum viride, monocots Arundo donax, Cephalanthera rubra, Epipactis palustris, and Sternbergia colchiciflora and dicots Aconitum anthora and Cephalaria pastricensis are given within SE Europe and adjacent regions.
This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in
SE Europe and adjacent regions: stonewort Chara intermedia, liverworts
Fossombronia wondraczekii and Pseudomoerckia ...blyttii, mosses Hamatocaulis
vernicosus and Hookeria lucens, monocots Gladiolus palustris, Neotinea
tridentata, and Orchis militaris and dicots Cardamine serbica, Cardamine
waldsteinii, Hieracium kotschyanum and Pilosella petraea are given within SE
Europe and adjacent regions.
This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in
SE Europe and adjacent regions: red algae Sheathia confusa, parasitic fungus
Anthracoidea caryophylleae, mycorrhizal fugus ...Hydnellum caeruleum,
bryoparasitic fungus Octospora erzbergeri, liverwort Cephaloziella
baumgartneri, mosses Hamatocaulis vernicosus, Streblotrichum convolutum var.
commutatum and Ulota crispula, monocots Ophrys bertolonii subsp. bertolonii,
Ophrys scolopax subsp. cornuta and Spiranthes spiralis and dicots Androsace
hedraeantha, Hieracium mrazii, Ramonda nathaliae and Triglochin palustris
are given within SE Europe and adjacent regions.
In this paper we suggest three new nomenclatural combinations and specify two new synonyms. There are five taxa (species and subspecies) of the vascular plants that are new for the flora of Serbia, ...and four species that have been confirmed for the flora of our country. Five plant taxa are a novelty for proper Serbia, Vojvodina, or Kosovo and Metohija, of which four are autochthonous and one is an allochthonous and invasive plant. There are twelve taxa whose presence in Serbia or in its territorial units has been refuted. the name Viola ×foliosa Čelak., which was proposed in the previous issue of this scientific journal, has been corrected to the currently accepted V. ×kerneri Wiesb.
The widely accepted term ?sustainable development? is a comprehensive concept
that requires multi-dimensional indicators showing links between economy,
ecology and society. The concept of human ...development is obviously more
complex than it could be understood from any aggregate economic index or
from detailed sets of socio-economic statistical and ecological indicators.
The research and analysis of the values of separation indicators for the
Juzna Morava basin agglomerations clearly show the impacts of industrial
growth on the quality of the basin water bodies over the last three decades.
Separation indicators have been derived from the statistical relationship
between the situation indicators and drive indicators. The situation
indicator SSWQIrb was derived as a composite index from ten chosen
parameters which represent, by their quality, the characteristics of surface
water, by reducing it to one index number weighed from the interrelation
between the discharge at a given measurement station and the discharge at
the exit profile of the basin. The index of the physical volume of
industrial production (indexIND) has been accepted as the drive indicator.
The indicators were calculated as a series of index numbers with 1981 as the
base year. The values of separation indicators, i.e. degree of separation
and factor of separation show the least separation in the first decade
(1981-1990) when the volume of industrial production (indexIND) increased
the most and the quality of the basin water bodies was the poorest
(SSWQIrb). The improvement of the quality of basin water bodies in the last
decade (2001-2010), marked by a higher value of the separation factor is a
result of a slow growth of industrial production and positive impacts of an
abrupt fall of total economic activity occurring already in the second
decade (1991-2000). The research has confirmed the importance of applying
the concepts of separation of economic growth from environmental impacts.
Taking into consideration very low quantities of treated waters as opposed
to the total amount of waste waters in Serbia, the separation indicators
pose challenges to be faced in the near future. Separation indicators will
serve to decision makers and the expert community as a key toolkit for
verifying the results of the water resources protection policy.
nema
The widely accepted term "sustainable development" is a comprehensive concept that requires multi-dimensional indicators showing links between economy, ecology and society. The concept of human ...development is obviously more complex than it could be understood from any aggregate economic index or from detailed sets of socio-economic statistical and ecological indicators. The research and analysis of the values of separation indicators for the Juzna Morava basin agglomerations clearly show the impacts of industrial growth on the quality of the basin water bodies over the last three decades. Separation indicators have been derived from the statistical relationship between the situation indicators and drive indicators. The situation indicator S5WQ/RB was derived as a composite index from ten chosen parameters represented by their quality, the characteristics of surface water, by reducing it to one index number weighed from the interrelation between the discharge at a given measurement station and the discharge at the exit profile of the basin. The index of the physical volume of industrial production (index/ND) has been accepted as the drive indicator. The indicators were calculated as a series of index numbers with 1981 as the base year. The values of separation indicators, i.e., degree of separation and factor of separation show the least separation in the first decade (1981-1990) when the volume of industrial production (index /ND) increased the most and the quality of the basin water bodies was the poorest S5WQ/RB. The improvement of the quality of basin water bodies in the last decade (2001-2010), marked by a higher value of the separation factor is a result of a slow growth of industrial production and positive impacts of an abrupt fall of total economic activity occurring already in the second decade (1991-2000). The research has confirmed the importance of applying the concepts of separation of economic growth from environmental impacts. Taking into consideration very low quantities of treated waters as opposed to the total amount of waste waters in Serbia, the separation indicators pose challenges to be faced in the near future. Separation indicators will serve to decision makers and the expert community as a key toolkit for verifying the results of the water resources protection policy. Keywords: Decoupling * Environmental impact * Industrial growth * R basin Predmet istrazivanja u ovom radu je prikaz koncepta razdvajanja industrijskog rasta od uticaja na zivotnu sredinu kreiranjem i izracunavanjem odgovarajucih indikatora na primeru aglomeracija sliva Juzne Morave za period koji obuhvata tri prethodne dekade. Vrednosti indikatora razdvajanja identifikuju najmanje razdvajanje u prvoj dekadi (1981-1990) koju karakterise najveci porast fizickog obima industrijske proizvodnje (indexIND) i najslabiji kvalitet vodotokova sliva (SSWQIrb). Istrazivanje potvrduje znacajprimene koncepta razdvajanja ekonomskog rasta od uticaja na zivotnu sredinu. Uzimajuci u obzir veoma nizak nivo preciscenih u odnosu na ukupne kolicine otpadnih voda, indikatori razdvajanja identifikuju izazove sa kojima cemo se suocavati u daljem periodu. Indikatori razdvajanja sluzice donosiocima politickih odluka i strucnoj javnosti kao kljucni alat za proveru uspesnosti politike zastite vodnih resursa. Kljucne reci: razdvajanje, uticaj na zivotnu sredinu, industrijski rast, recni sliv.
The present paper deals with the fermentation of chopped, dried, woolly foxglove foliage, the extraction of secondary glycosides from fermented woolly foxglove foliage by the percolation method and ...the isolation and purification of digoxin. Optimal process conditions for fermenting the chopped, dried, woolly foxglove foliage, extracting of digoxin from the fermented woolly foxglove foliage by percolation, and further isolating and purifying of digoxin were defined. Under the optimum anaerobic conditions for fermentation of the chopped, dried woolly foxglove foliage at 37°C, the best yield of digoxin of 99-100% was achieved in 48 h. The optimal conditions for extraction of digoxin by percolation (plant particle size: 7 mm; height of foliage in the percolator: 30 cm; extracting solvent: 10%vol. ethanol- or methanol-water solution, volumetric percolate flow rate: 4 L/h and the percolate residence time in the percolator: 4h) ensured the digoxin extraction degree of 97%. Although ethanol is currently more expensive than methanol, it is recommended as extracting solvent because of its lower toxicity. Therefore, the 10%vol. aqueous ethanol solution was recommended as the extracting solvent for recovering digoxin from the fermented woolly foxglove foliage. By further isolation and purification, a highly pure product fulfilling the requirements prescribed by pharmacopoeias was obtained.
The present study deals with the extraction of digoxin (Dgx) from chloroform and trichloroethylene extracts of the secondary glycosides of fermented foxglove (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) foliage by ...liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction degree (ED) of Dgx achieved by maceration and percolation using 10 vol.% aqueous ethanol solution was higher than 95%. Using trichlorethylene and chloroform, ED of Dgx of about 100 and 96%, respectively, from the liquid ethanolic extracts (macerate or percolate) were achieved by the four-cycle extraction. Fifteen separating funnels were employed for the liquid-liquid extraction. Three different four-component two-phase systems (ethanol:water-chloroform:ethyl acetate, ethanol:water-chloroform:trichloroethylene and ethanol:water-trichloroethylene:ethyl acetate) were tested as an extracting solvent to get the final product having more than 98% of Dgx. The initial amount of the chloroform or trichloroethylene extract in the light phase was varied between 5 and 25 g/L, while the volume ratio of light and heavy phases was in the range of 1:1 to 1:2. The best Dgx yield of 98% was achieved with the system ethanol:water-chloroform:trichloroethylene 35:15:20:30 at the volume ratio of the phases of 1:1.1 and at the initial amount of the extract of 15 g/L. Purity of the separated digoxin was 99.8%. Keywords: digoxin, foxglove, Digitalis lanata Ehrh., liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction. Ispitan je uticaj operativnih uslova na efikasnost izdvajanja digoksina ekstrakcijom tecnost-tecnost u levcima za odvajanje iz suvih hloroformskih i trihloretilenskih izolata sekundarnih glikozida vunastog digitilisa. Kao ekstrakcioni rastvaraci koris?ena su tri cetvorokomponentna dvofazna sistema: a) etanol:voda-hloroform:etilacetat, b) etanol:voda-trihloretilen:etilacetat i c) etanol:voda-trihloretilen:hloroform. Ispitivanja su ukljucila sledece procesne uslove: sastav ekstrakcionog sistema, koncentracija rastvora suvih hloroformskih i trihloretilenskih ekstrakata sekundarnih glikozida u lakoj fazi prethodno uravnotezenoj teskom fazom u opsegu 5-25 g/L, zapreminski odnos lake i teske faze, broj uravnotezavanja faza i odnos zapremina lake i teske faze 1:1 do 1:2. Definisani su optimalni operativni uslovi za izdvajanje preko 98% digoksina u lakoj fazi, i to: koncentracija sekundarnih glikozida u lakoj fazi 15 g/L; sastav cetvorokomponentni sistema etanol:voda-hloroform:trihloetilen, 35:15:20:30; i odnos zapremina lake i teske faze 1,0:1,1. Iz lake i teske faze su, koncentrovanjem i kristalizacijom, izdvajeni digoksin i smesa glikozida digitoksina i gitoksina. Cistoca izdvojenog digoksina je 99,8%. Kljucne reci: Digoksin * Vunasti digitalis * Digitalis lanata Ehrh. * Ekstrakcija tecno-tecno * Ekstrakcija cvrsto-tecno Available online at the Journal website:
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